the fifth chapter → chapter five 第五章
the twenty-third section → section twenty-three 第二十三节
the three hundred and fifty-ninth brigade → brigade 359 三五九旅
编号的东西，常避免用序数词，读法也简单化：
第705号房间 Room 705 /ˈruːmˌsevn əʊˈfaɪv/
第254页 Page 254 /ˈtuːˈfaɪvˈfɔː/
第二汽车厂 The No. 2 Auto Plant (No.读作/ˈnʌmbə/)
九号车厢 Carriage No. 9
三号及四号卧铺 Berths 3 and 4
第103路公共汽车 Bus No. 103
海湾道7895号 7895 Bay Road
4) 下面数字的读法：
a. 电话号码的读法：
279——1304 /ˈtuːˈsevnˈnaɪnˈwʌnˈθriːˈəʊ fɔː/
3321——0073 /ˈdʌblˈθriːˈtuːˈwʌn,ˈdʌblˈzɪərəʊˈsevnˈθriː/
007号分机 Extension 007 /ˈəʊˈəʊˈsevn/
b. 年份读法：
2000 the year two thousand
2004 two thousand and four
1949 nineteen forty-nine
1803 eighteen oh three
1600 sixteen hundred
450 B.C. four fifty B.C.（公元前）
128 A.D. one twenty-eight A.D.（公元后）
c. 日期读法：
July 22nd July (the) twenty-second或the twenty-second of July
Oct(ober)1st October (the) first或the first of October
d. 时刻读法：
08:00 eight o'clock或eight
09:15 nine fifteen或a quarter past nine (美：after nine)
02:30 two thirty或 half past two (美：after two)
05:45 five forty-five或a quarter to six (美：of six)
07:00 (oh) seven hundred hours=7.00 a.m./ˈsevnˈeɪˈem/
12:00 twelve hundred hours=midday/noon
14:15 fourteen fifteen=2.15 p.m. /ˈtuːˌfɪfˈtiːnˈpiːˈem/
23:05 twenty-three oh five=11.5 p.m./Iˈlevnˈfaɪvˈpiːˈem/
24:00 twenty-four hundred hours = midnight
6.3 分 数 词
6.3.1 分数词
1) 分数词构成法：
分数词（Fractional Numerals）由基数词和序数词构成，基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。除了分子为1的情况下，序数词都要用复数形式：
此外还有下面表示法：
比较复杂的分数读法如下：
2) 分数在句中的作用：
分数在句中可用作：
a. 主语：
A quarter of the population voted for him. 四分之一的人投他的票。
The other third of the black population live in poverty. 另外三分之一的黑人生活在贫困之中。
Three-fifths of the computers on display were home-made. 展出的电脑五分之三是国内生产的。
b. 宾语或介词宾语：
Mother divided the cake into thirds. 妈妈把蛋糕分成三份。
Give a quarter of the pie to each of them. 给他们每人四分之一块馅饼。
They account for one-seventh of the population. 他们占人口的七分之一。
c. 表语或同位语：
The crop that year was only one-third of the usual amount. 那年的收成只是常年产量的三分之一。
Over twelve million people, about three-fifths of the local population are Hans. 有一千二百多万人是汉人，约占当地人口的五分之三。
d. 定语：
It's one-twentieth the thickness of a human hair. 它相当于人的头发丝二十分之一那么细。
The mass of an electron is 1/1850 that of a hydrogen atom. 电子的质量只是氢原子质量的1/1850。
It produces power at 1/8 the cost in a thermal power plant. 它的发电成本只是热电厂成本的八分之一。
e. 状语：
China is one-sixth larger than the United States. 中国比美国大六分之一。
This substance reacts one-tenth as fast as the other one. 这种物质的反应速度只是另一种物质的十分之一。
6.3.2 小数的读法和用法
1) 小数的读法如下：
6.4——six point four
0.8——zero (或naught) point eight
0.05——(naught) point naught five或zero point zero five
0.726——(naught) point seven two six或zero point seven two six
12.409——twelve point four oh nine
709.06——seven hundred and nine point oh six
2) 小数主要用作定语：
Our grain output is now 2.4 times that of 1980. 我们现在的粮食产量是1980年的2.4倍。
Its total output value was up 4.7 times. 它的总产值提高了4.7倍。
Its capacity was 7.3 times as great as in 1985. 它的生产能力是1985年的7.3倍。
6.3.3 百分数的用法
百分数由per cent （美作percent）表示，可以在句中作：
1) 主语：
Over eighty per cent of all families own a television. 百分之八十以上的家庭都有电视机。
What per cent of the population can read? 人口中能识文断字的百分比是多少？
Ten per cent of the pupils are absent today. 今天有百分之十的学生缺席。
2) 宾语或介词宾语：
They constitute eight per cent of the population. 他们占人口的百分之八。
The price of bread has gone up by 40 per cent in two years. 面包价格两年间涨了百分之四十。
The bank charges interest at 12 per cent. 银行货款利息为百分之十二。
3) 定语：
Leave the waitress a 15 per cent tip. 给女招待留下百分之十五的小费。
There is a ten per cent service charge. 要收百分之十的服务费（小费）。
I paid him four per cent interest. 我付给他百分之四的利息。
4) 状语：
I think it's ninety per cent probable. 我看这有百分之九十的可能性。
I'm not a hundred per cent convinced myself. 我自己也不是百分之百全信。
Prices have risen 6 per cent in the past year. 过去一年里物价上涨了百分之六。
偶作表语：
12 is 1 percent of 1,200. 12是1,200的百分之一。
6.4 量 词
6.4.1 量词范围
量词（Quantifiers）不是一种词类，而是许多与数量有关的词和短语，它们包含：
1) 许多与数量有关的代词和限定词，如some，any，much，many等。
2) 各种数词，如two，half，a third，80%等。
3) 名词和of构成的表数量的短语，如a lot of，plenty of等。
4) 某些与数量有关的形容词，如enough，whole，half等。
5) 某些与数量有关的名词，如feet，miles，years，dozen等。
6) 某些与数量有关的合成词，如a five-dollar bill，a 6-page summary等。
7) 某些与数量有关词组的所有格，如two months' stay，four weeks' notice等。
下面将简要地加以处理。
6.4.2 与数量有关的代词和限定词
1) 有很多作定语的代词和限定词，特别是不定代词和相关限定词，可用来表示数量：
How much rent do you pay? 你交多少房租？
Few words are best. （谚）少说为妙。
Many hands make light work. （谚）人多好办事。
This might serve several purposes. 这也许能达到几个目的。
2) 这类代词也可作主语、宾语等，表示数量：
a. 主语：
Most of the people have fled. 大多数人都逃跑了。
None of us are surprised. 我们谁也不感到吃惊。
Many a little makes a mickle. （谚）集腋成裘。
b. 宾语或介词的宾语：
He ate a little before going out. 他外出前吃了一点东西。
I don't know much about psychology. 我对心理学不太懂。
A friend to all is a friend to none. （谚）滥交者无友。
关于这类词，详见第5.6.5—5.7.7节。
6.4.3 由“名词+of”构成的量词
1) 这类量词为数很多，它们都加在所修饰词前面：
A lot of people have the same experience. 大量的人有同样的经历。
I have lived here quite a number of years. 我在这里住了许多年了。
She had plenty of imagination. 她有丰富的想像力。
We need a sufficient amount of flour. 我们需要足够量的面粉。
A good many of them are beginners. 他们很多人都是初学者。
He lost a great quantity of blood. 他失血很多。
We walked a couple of miles. 我们步行了二三英里。
She had a heap of trouble. 她有很多麻烦事。
I have a ton of work to do before I leave. 我走之前有大量工作要做。
She bears a load of anxiety. 她忧心忡忡。
I've a mass of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有很多事要办。
有些这类名词可用复数形式，强调数量之多：
Numbers of people came to the meeting. 与会者人数众多。
We've had quantities of rain this summer. 今年夏天下了大量的雨。
I've got tons of letters to write. 我有好多好多的信要写。
She bought lots of food. 她买了大量的食物。
That man seems to have heaps of money. 那个人似乎钱多的不得了。
There are masses of people in the hall. 大厅里有好多人。
2) 有些这类量词表示“少量的”：
She is just out to do a bit of shopping. 她只是出来买点东西。
He put a pinch of salt in his soup. 他在汤里放了一点点盐。
She has a touch of cold. 她略微有点感冒。
A dash of vinegar might help the salad. 生菜里加一点醋也许更好吃。
Have a spot of tea. 喝一点茶吧。
There's not a shred of evidence that he took the money. 没有丝毫证据表明钱是他拿的。
There is a grain of truth in his assertion. 他的话有一点真实性。
There was a trace of jealousy in her voice. 她的声音里有一丝妒忌情绪。
There is not a speck of truth in his claim. 他的话毫无真实之处。
Will you have a drop of brandy? 你要不要喝一点点白兰地？
3) 有些这类量词与形状有关：
I need a ball of string. 我需要一团线。
He was sucking a stick of toffee. 他在吮吸一根棒糖。
The president was surrounded by a ring of bodyguards. 总统身边围着一圈保镖。
There is a strip of sticky tape round the lid. 盖子周边有一条胶带。
A shaft of sunlight brightened the room. 一道阳光照亮了房间。
Elli brought a bunch of flowers. 艾丽带来了一束花。
A thread of light emerged from the keyhole. 从钥匙孔透进一丝亮光。
A goat has a tuft of hair on its chin. 山羊下巴上长有一撮胡须。
A wall of fire stood before them. 他们面前有一堵火墙。
There was a gush of blood as his wound re-opened. 他的伤口重开时血流如注。
A loud gust of laughter came from the next room. 从隔壁房间传来一阵笑声。
The fountain sent up a jet of water. 喷泉喷出一根水柱。
Streams of people were coming out of the railway station. 一股股人流从车站涌出。
She attacked him with a torrent of abuse. 她对他一阵谩骂。
A shower of stones greeted him. 石头雨点般地向他砸来。
Clouds of smoke rose from the bombed city. 挨炸的城市升起团团浓烟。
There might still be a ray of hope. 可能还有一线希望。
She has a mountain of dirty clothes to wash. 她有一大堆脏衣服要洗。
4) 还有不少量词表示一群人（a）或动物（b）：
a. A group of students asked to see the principal. 有一群学生要见校长。
The discovery was made by a team of scientists. 这是由一组科学家发现的。
A gang of workers were repairing the road. 一伙工人在修马路。
You're behaving like a bunch of idiots. 你们的举动像一群白痴。
A company of travellers are expected to arrive soon. 一批游客预计不久就要到来。
A troupe of acrobats entertained them. 一群杂技演员为他们作了表演。
We met a host of students. 我们碰到了一大群学生。
A strange collection of people attended the party. 一伙稀奇古怪的人参加了这个聚会。
She's always surrounded by swarms of photographers. 她身边总是围着一大群摄影师。
A pack of angry shoppers demanded their money back. 一群生气的顾客要求退钱。
b. A flock of sheep blocked the road. 一群绵羊挡住了道路。
The lion was chasing a herd of deer. 那头狮子在追逐一群鹿。
A pack of hounds chased the fox. 一群猎犬在追赶狐狸。
We saw a pride of lions resting by the stream. 我们看见一群狮子在溪边休息。
A swarm of locusts destroyed the crop. 一大群蝗虫毁坏了庄稼。
Electronic detectors tracked down schools of fish. 电子探测器追踪到了鱼群。
A flight of ducks passed overhead. 一群鸭子从头上飞过。
A cloud of mosquitoes came over. 一大群蚊子飞了过来。
5) 还有许多这类量词与容器有关：
a bottle of beer 一瓶啤酒
a box of chocolate 一盒巧克力
a can of soup 一个汤罐头
a bowl of rice 一碗饭
a cup of tea 一杯茶
a basket of fruit 一篮水果
a bucket of water 一桶水
a sack of corn 一袋玉米
a bag of toffees 一袋太妃糖
a crate of bananas 一筐香蕉
a glass of fruit juice 一杯果汁
a mug of milk 一大杯奶
a packet of cigarettes 一包香烟
a pot of jam 一锅果酱
a spoon of sugar 一匙白糖
a tube of toothpaste 一管牙膏
a barrel of oil 一桶石油
a carton of yoghurt 一（纸）盒酸奶
a jar of marmalade 一罐橘子酱
a pack of gum 一小包口香糖
a plate of beef 一盘牛肉
a package of detergent 一包洗涤剂
有些名词后可加词尾-ful来表示数量：
a spoonful of vinegar 一勺醋
a basketful of peaches 一筐桃子
a handful of raisins 一把葡萄干
a mouthful of food 一口食物
an armful of flowers 一捧花
a houseful of guests 一屋子客人
a busful of children 一车孩子
a roomful of antiques 一房间的古董
6.4.4 一些与数量有关的词
1) 一些与数量有关的形容词：
有不少形容词与数量有关：
The thesis was about two hundred pages long. 这篇论文约有两百页长。
The tree is a hundred feet tall. 那棵树有一百英尺高。
The road is 8 metres wide. 这条马路有八米宽。
The lake there is eight feet deep. 那里的湖有八英尺深。
The river is 30 feet broad. 这条河宽三十英尺。
The outer wall is twelve feet thick. 外墙厚十二英尺。
The building is over thirty stories high. 这座大楼有三十多层高。
2) 一些与数量有关的名词：
a. 有许多单位名称经常和数词连用表示数量：
It weighs over 200 kilos. 它重二百多公斤。
The temperature rose ten degrees. 气温上升了十度。
There are sixteen ounces in one pound. 一英磅有十六英两。
A pint of liquid is about four cupfuls. 一品脱约有四杯。
Will two yards of dress material be enough? 两码衣料够了吗？
It travels thousands of miles per second. 它一秒钟能走几千英里。
b. 也有些名词和in连用，表示数量：
The snow is two feet in depth. 雪有两尺厚。
He was about five feet in height. 他身高约五英尺。
The island is only 4 square kilometres in area. 这座岛的面积只有四平方千米。
The river is thirty miles in length. 这条河有三十英里长。
The parcel is 2 pounds in weight. 这包裹重两磅。
The room is 12 feet in width. 房间宽12英尺。
3) 也有一些表示数量的：
a. 合成词：
a ten-dollar bill 十美元的钞票
a two-page summary 两页的提纲
a 5-storeyed house 五层楼的房子
4 per cent interest 百分之四的利息
per-mu yield 亩产量
per capita wage 人均工资
a 44-hour week 每周工作44小时
a four fold increase 四倍的增长
b. 名词所有格：
a week's wage 一周的工资
two weeks' notice 提前两周通知
a day's journey 一天的路程
ten years' experience 十年的经验
an hour's drive 开车一小时
ssix months' leave 六个月的假期
7.1 动词的种类
7.1.1 动词的种类
动词主要分作下面几类：
● 及物动词（Transitive Verbs）
● 不及物动词（Intransitive Verbs）
● 兼作及物动词和不及物动词的动词（Ergative Verbs）
● 双宾动词（Ditransive Verbs）
● 成语动词（Phrasal Verbs）
● 系动词（Link-Verbs）
● 助动词和情态动词（Auxiliary Verbs and Modal Verbs）
7.1.2 及物动词
1) 这类动词通常都跟有宾语，如：
She committed a serious error. 她犯了一个严重的错误。
They were busy making artificial flowers. 他们在忙着做纸花。
The child needed constant attention. 这孩子需要经常照顾。
Where did you put the key? 你把钥匙放哪儿了？
这类动词很多，常见的如：
2) 有些及物动词以表示人的名词或代词作宾语：
I'll contact you as soon as I arrive. 我一到就会和你联系。
Her attitude surprised me. 她的态度使我吃惊。
He often teased his sister. 他常常逗他的妹妹。
Her words comforted the sobbing child. 她的话给了那哭泣的孩子以安慰。
常见的这类动词如：
3) 还有些及物动词和一个介词短语或副词连用：
Shakespeare compared the world to a stage. 莎士比亚把世界比作舞台。
This song reminded me of my childhood. 这首歌使我想起了童年。
I couldn't rid myself of this melancholy mood. 我无法摆脱这种忧郁的情绪。
He promised to treat us to dinner. 他答应请我们吃饭。
常见的这类短语有：
4) 有几个及物动词可以和许多名词一道表示动作，这类动词称为虚意动词（Delexical Verbs），最常见的是下面几个：
have可以跟：
give可以跟：
take可以跟：
make可以跟：
相关用法的例句可查阅《现代英语用法词典》。
5) 动词do可以跟许多名词作宾语，意思随后面的名词而变化：
Go and do your hair. 去梳梳头。
Have you done your teeth? 你刷牙了吗？
She was doing the dishes. 她在洗盘子。
Can you do the room now? 你现在能打扫房间了吗？
When are you to do the windows? 你什么时候擦窗子？
He found her doing the flowers. 他发现她在插花。
Do they do science at school? 他们在学校学科学课程吗？
He's learning to do sums. 他在学做算术题。
The group is doing‘Macbeth'. 这个剧团在演《麦克佩斯》。
We did two concerts last week. 上星期我们听了两场音乐会。
Have you done the Tower? 你参观伦敦塔了吗？
We did Spain in two weeks. 我们在西班牙游览了两周。
He does seventy-five on the freeway. 在高速公路上他开车时速为七十五英里。
We did the journey in six hours. 路上我们走了六小时。
He did ten years for armed robbery. 他因持枪抢劫入狱十年。
The barber will do you next. 理发师下一个将给你理。
He does his guests well. 他把客人招待得很好。
That shopkeeper did me. 那个商店老板骗了我。
He has done an excellent article. 他写了一篇精彩的文章。
She did some pretty sketches. 她画了几张漂亮的素描。
Jane did most of the talking. 大部分时间是简在说话。
Who does the cooking? 谁做饭？
She's doing her knitting. 她在织毛线。
7.1.3 不及物动词
1) 这类动词都不跟宾语，例如：
I itch all over. 我浑身发痒。
She flushed and made no answer. 她脸红了，没有回答。
When did it happen? 这事什么时候发生的？
He was shivering all over. 他浑身发抖。
下面这些动词通常作不及物动词：
2) 有些动词在多数情况下用作vi（不及物动词），间或用作vt.（及物动词），这时意思不同：
用作vi. 用作vt.
* * *
* * *
She doesn't run fast. 她跑得不快。 She runs a store. 她经营一家商店。
They advanced 40 miles. 他们推进了40英里。 He advanced a new theory. 他提出了一个新理论。
The sun is shining. 阳光灿烂。 Shine your shoes. 把你的皮鞋擦一擦。
Why are you crying? 你为什么哭？ She cried herself to sleep. 她哭着哭着睡着了。
还有少数动词通常作vi.，但可跟同源宾语，如laugh，smile，sleep，live等词都如此。（关于这一点可参阅第13.3.3节）
3) 还有些动词经常和某个介词连用，如：
The plan depends on the weather. 这计划得靠天气决定。
She objected to the idea. 她反对这个主意。
Don't refer to that matter again. 不要再提此事。
I care very little for fame now. 我现在对名气不怎么在乎。
常见的这类结构有：
7.1.4 兼作及物和不及物动词的词
英语中大部分动词都既可作vt.，也可作vi.，只能作一种动词而不能作另一种动词的是少数。兼作两种动词的情况很多，大致上有下面这些情况：
1) 用于一个意义时为vt.，用于另一个意义时为vi.：
用作vt. 用作vi.
* * *
* * *
Happy to meet you. 见到你很高兴。 When shall we meet? 我们何时碰头?
Mind the dog. 当心有狗。 I'm sure he won't mind. 我肯定他不会在意。
She couldn't stand the cold. 她受不了严寒。 Don't stand in the rain. 别站在雨里。
