the fifth chapter → chapter five 第五章.2
Don't move my things. 别动我的东西。 The train is moving now. 火车开动了。
Smoking hurts you. 吸烟对你有害。 My head hurts. 我头疼。
He hanged himself in sorrow. 在悲痛中他悬梁自尽了。 Her portrait hangs over the mantel piece.她的画像挂在壁炉台上方。
They beat him unconsccions. 他们把他打得不省人事。 Her heart was beating violently. 她的心猛烈地跳动着。
Please pass me the salt. 请把盐递给我。 The winter finally passed. 冬天终于过去了。
因此,在学某一个具体的动词时,要经常注意它在什么时候用作vt.,什么时候用作vi.。
2) 有些动词在意思基本上不变的情况下,有时用作vt.,有时用作vi.,例如:
用作vt. 用作vi.
* * *
* * *
Can you help me? 你能帮我吗? Every little helps. (谚)积少成多。
Tigers eat meat. 老虎吃肉。 We eat at six. 我们六点吃饭。
She isn't going to marry him. 她不准备嫁他。 Don't marry in haste. 不要匆忙结婚。
Sing us a song, please. 请给我们唱一支歌。 Who's singing there? 谁在那儿唱歌?
She speaks good English. 她英文讲得很好。 Who is speaking? 谁在讲话?
She's typing a letter. 她在打一封信。 She's typing. 她在打字。
Who wrote the poem? 这诗谁写的? He writes very well. 他文笔很好。
She's studying medicine. 她在学医。 She studies hard. 她学习很用功。
在学每一个英语动词时都要注意在意思大体上不变的情况下是否既可作vt.,又可作vi.。
3) 有些动词通常作及物动词,但有时宾语不必讲出(从上下文中可以看出),因此也就成了不及物动词,如:
His father came yesterday. ——Yes, I know (it). 他父亲昨天来了。——是的,我知道。
I'm sure she didn't notice (it). 我肯定她没注意(此事)。
Oh, yes. Now I remember (it). 啊,是的。我想起来了。
"What's his name?" "I forget (it)." “他叫什么名字?”“我忘了”。
He aimed at the black spot and missed (it). 他瞄准黑点但没击中。
Why didn't you answer (me)? 你为什么不回答(我)?
He didn't understand (it) very well. 他不很理解。
Who won (the game)? 谁赢了(比赛)?
4) 还有些动词可作vt.,也可作vi.,后面可跟介词短语:
用作vt. 用作vi.
* * *
* * *
I'll fight you. 我来和你打。 They fought with each other. 他们互相斗殴。
England is playing Australia. 英国对阵澳大利亚。 David played against Louise. 大卫和路易斯比赛。
He wandered the streets.他在街上漫步。 They wandered in the park. 他们在公园里漫步。
Will you check the figures? 你要不要把数字核对一遍? First check on your answers. 先核对一下你的答案。
She's walking the street. 她在街上行走。 She walked along (through) the street.她沿着那条街走。
He ruled Britain for 60 years. 他统治英国达六十年。 He ruled over the empire for a long time.他长期统治这个帝国。
The whole nation mourned his death. 全国哀悼他的逝世。 We mourn for our fallen officers and men. 我们为阵亡将士哀伤。
Zilla mocked him as a country boy. 齐拉嘲笑他是个乡下孩子。 He mocked at my pronunciation. 他嘲笑我的发音。
这种现象值得注意。
5) 有些动词,随着主语不同而可用作vt.或vi.,例如:
作vt. 作vi.
* * *
* * *
The continual strain aged her. 持续的劳累使她衰老了。 He's ag(e)ing fast.他老得很快。
He began a series of experiments. 他开始了一连串的试验。 When does the play begin? 戏什么时候开始?
Boil the potatoes for 20 minutes. 把土豆煮20分钟。 The water is boiling. 水开了。
Take care not to break it. 小心别把它打破了。 Brittle things break easily. 脆的东西容易破碎。
这类动词很多,常见的如:
7.1.5 双宾动词
1) 有不少动词后面可以跟两个宾语,前面为间接宾语,后面为直接宾语:
主 语 谓 语 间接宾语 直接宾语
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
They granted us a loan.
I will lend you my typewriter.
We owed him 100 dollars.
Hand me the timetable
间接宾语有时可以放到后面去,不过前面要加介词to,如:
They granted a loan to us.
I'll lend my typewriter to you.
We owed 100 dollars to him.
Hand the timetable to me.
常见的这类动词有:
2) 另有一批动词,也可跟两个宾语,但把间接宾语放在后部时,要改为由for引导的短语,如:
跟两个宾语 包含for引导的短语
* * *
* * *
Sing us a song, please. Please sing a song for us.
Father bought me a camera. Father bought a camera for me.
Fetch me the evening paper. Fetch the evening paper for me.
Play us some light music. Play some light music for us.
这类动词常见的有:
3) 还有少数动词也跟两个宾语,但很少把间接宾语放到句子后面去:
I'll never forgive you that lie. 我永远不会原谅你那次撒谎。
I wish you good luck. 祝你好运。
I envy you your health. 我羡慕你的好身体。
How dare you ask me such a question? 你怎么敢问我这样的问题?
She didn't want to cause you any inconvenience. 她不想给你造成不便。
The hotel charged me £ 15 for a room for the night. 旅馆这一晚收我15镑的房钱。
That suit cost me over £ 60. 那套衣服花了我60多英镑。
They denied the prisoner all freedom. 他们不给那囚犯任何自由。
I want you to promise me one thing. 我要求你答应我一件事。
She can't refuse him anything. 她不能拒绝他任何事情。
7.1.6 成语动词
有时两个词或三个词在一起构成一个成语,作用和一个单一动词差不多,称为成语动词。这种动词主要有下面四类:
1) 不及物动词+副词:
The war broke out in 1939. 战争于1939年爆发。
She didn't want to fall behind in her studies. 她不愿意学习落后。
How did the accident come about? 这事故是怎样发生的?
The wind has died down a bit. 风平息了一点。
常见的这类动词有:
2) 不及物动词+介词:
He could not account for his absence from school. 他无法解释他为什么缺课。
I called on her this morning. 今早我拜访了她。
I ran across her in the library yesterday. 昨天我在图书馆碰到了她。
You'd better wait and watch for a better chance. 你最好等等,留心更好的机会。
常见的这类成语动词有:
有些不及物动词可以跟副词也可以跟介词构成成语动词:
不及物动词+副词 不及物动词+介词
* * *
* * *
We mustn't lag behind. 我们不能落后。 We mustn't lag behind others. 我们不能落在别人后面。
They hope to break through soon in this research.他们希望这项研究不久能取得突破。 The allies sought to break through the German lines. 盟军设法突破了德军的防线。
We must be getting off now. 现在我们得动身了。 Then they got off the bus. 随后他们下车了。
Let's all join in. 咱们都参加进去。 He joined in the march. 他参加了游行。
3) 及物动词+副词:
He is trying to bring about a reconciliation. 他在努力促成和解。
I'll try to hurry him up. 我来设法催促他。
The trolley-bus stopped to put down three passengers. 电车停下来,让三位乘客下车。
They are going to knock down those old houses. 他们要拆掉那些老房子。
这类成语动词很多,常见的有下面这些:
也有部分成语动词是由及物动词+介词构成的,如:
Don't build on his promises. 不要信赖他的诺言。
He talked me into changing my job. 他说服我改换了工作。
They showed her round the house. 他们带她在屋里到处看了看。
She set the children against their father. 她让孩子们反对他们的父亲。
4) 动词+副词+介词:
还有一部分成语动词由三个词构成,即“动词+副词+介词”,介词后跟宾语,如:
I can't put up with these noisy people. 我无法忍受这些嘈杂的人。
You might come up against a bit of opposition. 你可能会遭到一点反对。
Don't look down on this kind of work. 不要看不起这种工作。
I'm looking forward to her arrival. 我盼望着她的到来。
这类成语动词常见的有:
5) 包含名词的动词成语:
有些由动词构成的成语包含有一个名词,多数语言学家都不把它们归入成语动词范围之内,但它们的作用和成语动词是差不多的。这类成语可分为以下三类:
a. 动词+名词:
b. 动词+名词+介词:
c. 动词+介词+名词:
关于成语动词还可参阅第13.3.4节及附录1。
7.1.7 系动词
系动词有下面这些:
1) be:
这个系动词用得最多,后面可以跟各式各样的表语:
She's a good swimmer. 她是位游泳好手。(跟名词)
Be quiet! 安静点!(跟形容词)
He isn't in at the moment. 他此刻不在家。(跟副词)
He has been in Germany for five years. 他在德国住了五年。(跟介词短语)
Who is she? 她是谁?(跟代词)
To know everything is to know nothing. 事事皆通,事事稀松。(跟不定式)
Let X be 10. 设X等于10。(跟数词)
The flowers in the park are pleasing. 公园里的花很怡人。(跟现在分词)
She's disappointed with me. 她对我很失望。(跟过去分词)
That's why I'm against the idea. 因此我反对这个想法。(跟从句)
He's twice David's size. 他的个子比大卫大一倍。(跟词组)
还可用于许多成语中,如be in, be off, be on, be over, be through, be fond of, be sure of, be tired, be careful of, be mindful of, be keen on, be weary of, be productive of等。
2) appear:
后面主要跟:
a. 形容词或过去分词:
He appeared quite well. 他似乎身体很不错。
She appeared perplexed. 她显得有些困惑。
b. 跟名词:
It appears (to be) a true story. 它似乎是一个真实的故事。
He didn't want to appear a fool. 他不想显得像一个傻瓜。
c. 跟从句:
It appeared that he had an unusual taste for music. 似乎他对音乐有着非凡的鉴赏力。
It appeared that Harry was taking her to the opera. 看来哈利准备带她去看歌剧。
3) become:
后面可跟:
a.形容词:
She had become quite familiar with this seaside city. 她对这座海滨城市已非常熟悉。
They became dizzy with this momentary "victory". 他们被一时的胜利冲昏了头脑。
b. 过去分词:
She was becoming annoyed with me. 她有点儿生我的气。
He became acquainted with Balzac. 他和巴尔扎克认识了。
c. 名词:
She talked to me about becoming a teacher. 她和我谈起要当老师的事。
But his dream had not become a reality. 但他的梦想并未成真。
4) fall:
后面可跟:
a. 形容词(只限于少数形容词):
Soon she fell asleep. 不久她就睡着了。
He has fallen ill(sick). 他生病了。
还可用于fall vacant, fall silent等。
b. 名词:
They didn't want to fall a victim to mammonism. 他们不愿成为拜金主义的牺牲品。
I fell a prey to evil dreams. 我常常受噩梦的折磨。
5) feel:
这个词有两重意思,一个主要意思是“感觉(如何)”,后面可跟:
a.形容词(大量形容词可以和feel连用):
I don't feel very well. 我感到不大舒服。
I've been feeling awfully bad about it. 对此我感到很难受。
b.过去分词:
He felt troubled and distressed. 他感到很烦恼痛苦。
I feel puzzled and upset. 我感到困惑烦乱。
c. 介词短语:
I feel at ease with her. 我和她在一起感到轻松自在。
She no longer felt in fighting mood. 她不再感到有旺盛的斗志。
还可表示“摸起来(如何)”:
It feels rough on the surface. 它的表面摸上去很粗糙。
Ice feels cold. 冰摸起来很凉。
6) get:
后面可以跟:
a. 形容词(大量形容词可以和get连用):
The whether is getting quite warm. 天气变得相当暖和。
I hope you won't get over-tired. 希望你不要过度劳累。
b. 过去分词:
I get more and more absorbed in the work here. 我对这里的工作越来越投入了。
Don't get caught in the rain. 别让雨淋着。
c. 现在分词:
We'd better get moving. 我们最好开始动身。
Then they got chatting together. 后来他们在一起聊了起来。
d. 名词:
You're getting quite a lad now. 你快长成大小伙子了。
He's getting a bad influence on my children. 他在对我的孩子产生坏影响。
e. 介词短语:
It's getting near dinner-time. 快到吃饭时间了。
We'll let you know as soon as production gets under way. 生产一上轨道我们就通知你。
7) go:
在多数情况下都跟形容词,但只能跟某些形容词,如:
She went pale at the news. 听了这消息她脸色发白。
He went mad (insane). 他疯了。
另外还可跟white, gray, purple, red, hungry, sour, bad, bald, tired, sick, blind, sentimental, wrong, bankrupt, broke, rotten, independent, dead, lame等。此外,还可跟:
a.过去分词:
His complaints went unnoticed. 他的抱怨没人理会。
All the men there go armed. 那里的男人都带武器。
b. 介词短语:
This went out of fashion years go. 这许多年前就已过时了。
He went off his head. 他昏了头。
c. 名词:
Her rosy face went the colour of cream. 她红红的脸变成乳白色。
Her cheeks went a very pretty pink. 她的双颊变成了漂亮的粉红色。
8) grow:
这个词主要跟形容词,如:
The dispute grew more violent. 争论越来越激烈。
The noise grew louder. 声音越来越大。
此外还可跟cold, hot, calm, old, big, thin, bright, stuffy, angry, rich, restless, uneasy, worse, fat, dark, fierce, serious, loud, intimate, tall等。
还可跟过去分词:
You'll grow used to it. 对此你会习惯的。
I grow excited and red-eared, and a little frightened. 我变得兴奋起来,耳朵也红了,还有点害怕。
偶跟介词短语:
It has grown out of fashion. 它已经不时兴了。
These ideas have grown out of date. 这些观念已经陈旧了。
9) keep:
在用作系动词时它后面可以跟:
a. 形容词:
The whether is keeping fine. 天气一直很晴朗。
I hope you are keeping well. 我希望你身体(保持)健康。
后面还可以跟quiet, silent, calm, fit, cool, warm, fine, close, near等。
b. 副词:
Danger! Keep out! 危险!切勿靠近!
He kept apart from the other students. 他不和别的学生待在一起。
c. 介词短语:
Please try to keep out of the way. 劳驾,请别挡道。
We must keep in close contact with the media. 我们必须与新闻媒体保持密切联系。
10) look:
作系动词时表示“看起来…”,后面可以跟:
a. 形容词:
She looked nervous and apologetic. 她显得紧张并有歉意。
The case looks promising. 这案子看起来很有希望。
b. 过去分词:
He looked startled when she came in. 她进来时,他显得很吃惊。
She looked very concerned and troubled. 她看上去非常忧虑苦恼。
c. 名词:
Now she looked a grown-up young women. 现在她看起来已是一个成年的姑娘了。
He looks sadness itself. 他显得很凄伤的样子。
d. 介词短语:
He looked in splendid health. 他看上去身体很棒。
The whether doesn't look like clearing up. 天看起来不像会放晴。
还可跟副词、数词等:
He looks awfully down. 他显得很消沉的样子。
She looked about fourteen. 她看起来约莫十四岁。
11) prove:
这个词作系动词时表示“事实证明…”,后面可以跟:
a. 形容词:
Treat us well:we shall not prove ungrateful. 好好待我们,我们不会忘恩负义的。
The extra room proved very useful. 这间备用房间证明是很有用的。
b. 名词:
This would prove an excellent weapon. 这会证明是极好的武器。
It might prove the best plan. 这或可证明是最好的计划。
c. 介词短语:
These books may prove of use for you in future. 这些书将来可能证明对你有用。
Her advice proved of great value to our test. 她的意见证明对我们的试验很有价值。
12) remain:
这个词有时用作系动词,表示“继续(处于某种状态)”,后面可以跟:
a. 形容词:
For a whole day the enemy remained inactive. 一整天敌人都没有动静。
Perhaps he could be induced to remain silent. 或许能劝他保持沉默。
b. 过去分词:
She still remained unconvinced. 她仍然不相信。
But they remained unfinished. 但他们仍然没完成。
c. 现在分词:
She remained standing for a good hour. 她站了足有一个钟头。
They remained listening. 他们仍然在听着。
d.名词:
She remained the same Constance. 她还是原来的康士坦丝。
Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是个谜。
e. 介词短语:
You can't let the room remain like this! 你不能让房间老是这样!
They still remained at the mercy of the terrorists. 他们仍然听任恐怖分子的摆布。
13) rest:
这个词只在少数情况下用作系动词:
The affair rests a mystery. 这事仍然是个谜。
Rest assured we will do all we can. 请放心,我们会全力以赴。
14) run:
这个词间或用作系动词,表示“变成(什么样子)”,后面主要跟一些形容词:
The rivers were beginning to run dry. 河流开始干涸。
My blood ran cold with fear. 我吓得毛骨悚然。
还可用在run high, run low, run wild, run rife, run strong, run small, run loose, run short of, run out of等词组中。
15) seem:
这是一个常用的系动词,表示“看来”、“似乎”,后面可跟:
a. 形容词:
She seems happy to me. 在我看来她似乎很愉快。
It seems probable that I'll be sent abroad next year. 看来我明年有可能被派往国外。
b. 分词:
He seems rather agitated. 他好像相当焦虑不安。
She seemed lacking in enthusiasm. 她似乎缺乏热情。
c. 名词:
It seems to me (to be) the best solution. 在我看来这似乎是最好的解决办法。
She seemed an unusually clever girl. 她似乎是一个聪明绝顶的姑娘。
d. 介词短语:
He seemed out of humour. 他好像情绪不佳。
She seemed in high spirits. 她似乎情绪高昂。
16) smell:
作系动词时表示“闻起来…”,多跟形容词:
Roses smell sweet. 玫瑰花有香味。
The dinner smells good. 饭菜味道很香。
间或跟介词短语:
The soup smells of garlic. 这汤有大蒜味。
What does the perfume smell like? 这种香水是什么味?
17) sound:
作系动词时表示“听起来…”,通常后面跟形容词:
How sweet the music sounds! 这音乐听起来多甜美呀!
Don't speak like that. It sounds insincere to me. 别这样讲,在我听来这显得不诚恳。
间或跟名词(a)或介词短语(b):
a. Your idea sounds (like) a good one. 你的想法听起来不错。
He sounded a hard man. 他听起来像是一个厉害的人。
b. It sounded like Beethoven. 这听起来像贝多芬的音乐。
It almost sounds like science fiction. 这听起来几乎像科幻小说。
18) stay:
这个词只在少数情况下用作系动词,意思是“保持(某种状态)”,后面主要跟形容词:
He stayed single for many years. 许多年他都是单身。
I'm going to stay awake to see the eclipse. 我准备熬夜来观看月蚀。
间或跟介词短语(a)或过去分词(b):
a. They are not likely to stay in power after the election. 选举之后他们可能不会继续执政。
Father wanted us to stay out of trouble. 父亲要我们别惹麻烦。
b. Please stay seated. 请不要站起来。
The police prefer to stay unarmed. 警察们宁愿不带枪。
19) taste:
作系动词时意思是“吃(喝)起来…”,后面多跟形容词:
The meat tastes good. 这肉味道很好。
The milk doesn't taste right this morning. 今天早上这奶味道不大对。
This soup tastes awful. 这汤味道糟透了。
20) turn:
作系动词时主要表示“变得(成)…”,后面可以跟:
a. 形容词:
He turned rather pink. 他的脸红了。
It's turned awfully chilly. I think it's going to snow. 天变得冷极了,我想要下雪了。
b. 名词:
He has turned traitor (Mahammedan). 他成了叛徒(回教徒)。
She turned botanist. 她成了植物学家。
7.1.8 助动词和情态动词
1) be, have, do都可用作助动词: