8.2 现在进行时
8.2.1 现在进行时的基本用法
1) 现在进行时（The Present Continuous Tense）表示现在正在进行的动作和发生的事：
What are you doing？——I'm reading a play by Shaw. 你在干什么？——我在看萧伯纳的一个剧本。
How are things going? 现在情况怎么样？
Mary is knitting and listening to the radio. 玛丽在打毛线，听收音机。
It's snowing hard. 天正下着大雪。
What are they quarrelling about? 他们在为什么事争吵？
Why aren't you wearing a coat? It's so cold. 天这么冷，你怎么没穿大衣？
They're travelling in India. 他们在印度旅行。
I'm waiting to have a word with you. 我在等着和你说句话。
2) 现在进行时有时表示现阶段正发生的事，此刻动作不一定正在进行：
Hello, Tom, are you still working in that bank? 嗨，汤姆，你还在那家银行工作吗？
She's teaching at a night school. 她在夜校教书。
I'm writing a book about ecology. 我在写一本关于生态学的书。
Sorry, you can't take the typewriter away, I'm using it. 对不起，你不能把打字机拿走，我在用。
8.2.2 现在进行时和动词的关系
1) 有些动词一般不能用于现在进行时，如第8.1.2节中的动词，大部分都不宜用于进行时态，因为它们表示状态和感觉，不能表示正在进行的动作，特别是know， love， like， belong， detest， hate这类词。不过有些词有其他意思，有时能用于进行时，试比较下面句子：
表示状态或感觉 表示动作（可用于进行时）
* * *
* * *
She looks tired. 她显得很疲倦。 She is looking at a bird. 她在看鸟。
The food smells nice. 这菜闻着很香。 He's smelling the flowers. 他在闻花。
The juice tastes good. 果汁味很好。 I'm tasting the wine. 我在品尝酒。
It sounds a good idea. 这似乎是个好主意。 Why are you sounding the horn? 你为什么按喇叭？
I think you are right. 我想你是对的。 What are you thinking of? 你在想什么？
Do you see that tree? 你看到那棵树吗？ I'm seeing Ted off. 我在给特德送行。
It holds two gallons. 它能装两加仑。 What are you holding in your hand? 你手上拿的是什么？
She has two sisters. 她有两个姐妹。 She is having lunch. 她在吃午饭。
2) 有些表示动作的动词有时转而表示状态，这时就不宜用于进行时态，如：
表示动作 表示状态
* * *
* * *
He's standing on a chair.他站在椅子上。 My house stands by the river. 我家在江边。
They are sitting on the grass. 他们坐在草地上。 The hut sits in the forest. 小屋在森林里。
She is lying on the beach. 她躺在海滩上。 The town lies before us. 这座城就在我们前方。
He's fitting the pieces together. 他在把零件装配起来。 The coat doesn't fit me. 这上衣我穿不合适。
3) 有些表示极短暂动作的动词也不宜用于进行时，如declare， recognize等（可参阅第8.1.3节）。但有些这类词有时用于进行时，表示反复做某动作：
He's jumping up and down. 他在上下蹦跳。
She's skipping rope. 她在跳绳。
The old man is nodding his head. 老人频频点头。
They're firing questions at him. 他们向他连连发问。
4) be在一般情况下不能用于进行时态，但有时却可以这样用来表示一时的表现：
Bob is being silly. 鲍勃这样做是在发傻。
You're being very clever today. 今天你聪明起来了。
Am I being extravagant? 我这样做是不是太奢侈？
The children are being very quiet. I wonder what they're up to. 孩子们现在特别安静，我纳闷他们想干什么。
You're being childish. 你这样做太孩子气了。
I'm not being slow. I'm being careful. 我这样并不是动作迟缓，我只是审慎行事。
8.2.3 现在进行时表示将来动作
1) 现在进行时还常可用来表示将来的动作，特别是在口语中，这时常有一个表示未来时间的状语，多指已计划安排好的事：
I'm meeting Peter tonight. He's taking me to the theatre. 今晚我要和彼得见面，他将带我去看戏。
I'm flying to Hong Kong tomorrow. 我明天飞香港。
Are you doing anything tomorrow afternoon？——Yes , I'm playing tennis with Betty. 你明天下午有活动吗？——有，我要和贝蒂打网球。
I'm not going out tonight. I'm staying at home. 今晚我不出去，我要待在家里。
When is Helen coming home? 海伦什么时候回家？
They're getting married next month. 他们下月结婚。
They're spending the summer at Switzerland. 他们准备在瑞士过夏天。
2) 现在进行时也可用在时间和条件从句中表示未来情况：
You can do some reading while you are waiting for the train. 你等火车时可以看看书。
You must visit Switzerland when you are travelling in Europe. 你在欧洲旅行时一定要访问瑞士。
If she's still waiting, tell her to go home. 如果她还在等，可以让她回家。
Suppose it's still raining tomorrow, shall we go? 假定明天还在下雨，我们要去吗？
3) be going to结构可表示：
a. 准备或打算做某事：
He's going to buy a new car. 他准备买一辆新车。
She is not going to be there tonight. 她今晚不准备到那里。
Is he going to lecture in English or in Chinese? 他打算用英语还是用汉语讲课？
He's going to be a dentist when he grows up. 他长大了打算当牙医。
What are you going to do when you get your degree? 你拿了学位后打算干什么？
I'm going to think about it. 我要考虑考虑。
b. 即将发生的事或要发生的事：
There's going to be a thunderstorm. 雷雨即将来临。
It's going to be warm tomorrow. 明天天气会很暖和。
My cousin is going to have a baby. 我表姐要生孩子了。
Amy is going to leave soon, isn't she? 艾米不久就要走了，是吗？
I'm going to be sick. 我要病倒了。
We're all going to die some day. 总有一天我们都会死的。
在这种结构后也可跟go， come这类词：
Where are you going to go during the holiday? 假期你准备去哪里？
They're going to come with me. 他们准备和我一道去。
8.2.4 现在进行时表示经常性动作
1) 现在进行时还可以用来表示经常性的动作，常和always， constantly， forever这类副词连用，表示厌烦、赞美等情绪：
He is always losing his keys. 他老是丢钥匙。（不以为然）
I'm always making that mistake. 我老犯那个错。（不耐烦）
She's always working. 她总是在工作。（赞赏）
You're always thinking of others. 你总是想到别人。（赞美）
She's constantly changing her mind. 她老是改变主意。（不满）
The baby is constantly screaming. 宝宝老是尖叫。（不耐烦）
He's forever finding fault with what I do. 他老是找我的茬。（厌烦）
She's perpetually nagging. 她老爱唠叨。（厌烦）
2) 这类句子也可用一般现在时，这时只说明事实，用现在进行时则表示某种情绪，试比较下面句子：
用一般现在时（说明事实） 用现在进行时（表示某种情绪）
* * *
* * *
How do you feel today? How are you feeling today? （关切）
We haul in lots of fish today. We're hauling in lots of fish today. （欣慰）
She does fine work at school. She's doing fine work at school. （赞美）
He often complains of his job. He's always complaining of his job. （厌烦）
3)有些静态动词间或也可用于现在进行时：
I'm hoping you'll all come. 我希望你们都来。（表示殷切希望）
I'm always hearing strange stories about him. 我老听人讲关于他的奇奇怪怪的事。
Tina is resembling her sister more and more. 蒂娜长得越来越像她姐姐。
I'm forgetting that I promised to ring him tonight. 我差点忘了我答应过今晚给他打电话。
另外还有少数动词用两种时态意思都差不多：
I wonder (am wondering) whether you could give me some advice. 我想知道你可否给我出点主意。
Does your leg hurt (Is your leg hurting)? 你的腿疼吗？
My left foot itches (is itching). 我的左脚痒。
His bones ache (are aching) vaguely. 他的骨头隐隐作痛。
I write (am writing) to inform you that your mother is ill. 我来信是要通知你你母亲病了。
I don't hear (am not hearing) as well as I used to. 我听力不及从前好了。
Now do you like (are you liking) your new job? 你觉得你的新工作怎样？
8.2.5 现在进行时的一些特殊用法
现在进行时还有一些特殊用法：
1) 用在戏剧式的描绘中，表示过去的动作：
I'm driving along a country road and I'm completely lost. Then I see this old fellow. He's leaning against a gate. 我开车顺着一条乡村的道路前行，我已经完全迷路了。这时我看到了这位老人，他倚靠在篱笆门上。
2) 表示暂时的情况：
Her car has broken down. She's going to work by bike. 她的小汽车坏了，现在骑自行车上班。
I'm not hearing very well these days. 近来我听力不太好。
His house is being renovated. So he's staying with us. 他的房子在翻修，因此他暂时在我们家住。
My secretary is ill. Mary's filling in for her. 我的秘书病了，玛丽暂时接替她的工作。
3) 用在戏剧性的描述中：
Here's this Scotsman, you see, and he's walking through the jungle when he meets a gorilla. And the gorilla's eating something. So the Scotsman goes up to the gorilla. 这里，你瞧，是一个苏格兰人。当他在丛林中穿行时碰到一只大猩猩。大猩猩在吃东西，于是这苏格兰人向大猩猩走去。
8.3 一般将来时及将来情况表示法
8.3.1 一般将来时的基本用法
1) 一般将来时（The Simple Future Tense）表示将来要发生的事（在口语中各人称后均用will，常紧缩为'll）：
Who will be on duty at six？——I will. 六点谁值班？——我值班。
I will be eighteen next week. 下星期我就十八岁了。
We will know the result tomorrow. 明天我们就知道结果了。
I'm sure I won't lose my way. 我肯定我不会迷路的。
If we can't find the taxi, we will miss the plane. 如果找不到出租车，我们就搭不上飞机了。
She'll be here at six. 她六点来。
You'll have time for it. 你会有时间这样做的。
Will you be free tonight? 你今晚有空吗？
You won't be late. 你不会迟到的。
So she won't come? 这么说她不来了？
2) 这个时态常用于下面情况（都用will）：
a. 用在"I think... will"这类句型中，表示看法：
I think they'll succeed. 我想他们会成功。
I suppose they'll buy the house. 我想他们会把这房买下来。
I'm sure he'll come back. 我肯定他会回来。
Perhaps you'll find him at the hotel. 或许你会在旅馆找到他。
They'll probably wait for us. 他们或许会等我们。
b. 也可表示未来习惯性的动作：
Spring will come again. 春天还会再来。
Birds will build nests. 鸟总要筑巢。
These things will happen. 这样的事总是要发生的。
The daffodils will flower in spring. 黄水仙春天开花。
c. 提出请求：
Will you type this? 你把这打一下好吗？
Will you tell her I'll be back at five? 你可否告诉她我五点回来？
If you want help—let me know, will you? 如果你需要帮助就告诉我，好吗？
Will you please be quiet? 你们静一点好吗？
Won't you take off your coat? 你把外套脱下来好吗？
d. 作出允诺：
I'll be there, I promise you. 我答应你我会去的。
This won't happen again, I assure you. 我向你保证，这事不会再发生。
I'll be home in time for supper. 我吃晚饭时回家。
I won't tell anybody what you said. 你说的话我不会告诉任何人。
e. 表示同意：
Send off the invitation right today. ——Yes , I will. 今天就把请柬发出去。 ——行，没问题。
Don't be late. ——No, I won't. 别来晚了。 ——放心吧。
Will you answer him？——Yes, I will. 你来回复他好吗？——行。
还有will的一些其他用法，可参阅第11.1.5节。
8.3.2 使用shall的一些情况
1) shall主要用于第一人称后，构成疑问句，询问对方意见：
What time shall I come? 我什么时候来？
Where shall we go for our holiday? 我们到哪儿去度假呢？
Shall I do the washing-up? 要不要我来洗盘子？
What shall we do this weekend? 这个周末咱们干什么？
Let's go, shall we? 咱们走吧，好吗？
2) shall也可用在陈述句中（但现在口语中这样说的人比较少了，一般多用will）：
Don't worry. I shan't (won't) be late. 别担心，我不会迟到的。
We shall (will) be in touch. 我们会保持联系的。
I shall (will) ensure that you get a room. 我会保证让你得到一个房间。
We shall ('ll) have to hurry. 我们得赶快。
shall还有一些其他用法，可参阅第11.1.7章。
8.3.3 一些表示未来情况的方法
除了一般将来时，还可以下列方式表示将来情况：
1) be going to结构，表示打算干某事（a）或即将发生某事（b）：
a. I'm going to play you a waltz. 我准备给你弹一首华尔兹舞曲。
He is going to buy her some flowers. 他打算给她买一些花。
I'm not going to argue with you tonight. 今晚我不打算和你争论。
They're going to sell their house. 他们准备把房子卖掉。
b. It's going to rain soon. 快下雨了。
Oh, no! He's going to fall! 糟糕！他要摔下去了！
If the drought continues, there's going to be a famine. 如果干旱持续下去,会发生饥荒的。
How pale that girl is! I think she is going to faint. 那姑娘脸色这样苍白，我想她要晕倒了。
这个结构有时可和will引导的结构换用：
另外，在包含条件、时间等从句的句子中，谓语用will结构时较多：
He'll do it for you if you ask him to. 如果你提出要求，他会帮你做这件事的。
If I drop the glass it will break. 要是我让玻璃杯掉下去，它会破碎的。
When it gets warmer the snow will start to melt. 天暖和一点雪就会开始融化。
I'm putting this letter on top of the pile, so that he'll read it first. 我把信放在这堆东西上面，这样他就会先看它。
在这类从句中常用一般现在时表示将来情况（见前三句）。
2) 现在进行时（表示计划或准备要做的事）：
My brother is having a party tomorrow. 我兄弟明天要开一个晚会。
When are you leaving？——At the end of the term. 你什么时候走？——期末走。
I'm going to the pictures. Would you like to come? 我要去看电影，你想去吗？
They're playing some folk music first. 他们先要演奏一些民间乐曲。
How are you going—by train or by plane? 你怎么去——坐火车还是坐飞机？
I'm taking the kids to the zoo on Saturday. 我星期六带孩子们去动物园。
What are you doing tomorrow afternoon? 明天下午你干什么？
He's leaving school in one year's time. 他一年后就要毕业了。
I'm leaving. 我要走了。
3) 一般现在时表示按计划要发生的事，特别是以事物作主语时（a），以人为主语时有时也可以这样用（b）：
a. The new branch opens (is opening) next week. 新的分公司下星期开业。
When does the main film begin? 正片什么时候开始（放映）？
The plane takes off in ten minutes. 飞机十分钟后起飞。
Parliament convenes next Tuesday. 议会下周二开会。
The train leaves (arrives) at 10:45. 火车十点四十五分开（到）。
Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。
b. The boys start school on Monday. 孩子们星期一开始上学。
We leave at six and arrive in Dublin at ten. 我们六点动身，十点到达都柏林。
They have no classes tomorrow. 明天他们没课。
We get off at the next stop. 我们下一站下车。
I'm not at home tonight. 我今晚不在家。
Are you free tonight? 你今晚有空吗？
此外还可在时间及条件从句中代替一般将来时（a），或用在hope后的宾语从句中（b）：
a. Give me a ring before you leave. 走之前给我打个电话。
You carry on with the work while I have a rest. 我休息时你接着干。
When she comes, I'll tell her about it. 她来时我将把这件事告诉她。
If you don't find her, just leave her a note. 如果你找不到她，就给她留个条。
b. I hope she gets back in time. 我希望她及时回来
We hope you all have a good time. 我们希望你们都玩得开心。
We hope you are well. 我们希望你身体健康。
4) be+不定式结构：
be+不定式也可表示将要发生的动作，可表示安排好的事（a），也可表示要求做的事（b）：
a. She is to be married next month. 她定于下月结婚。
The expedition is to start in a week's time. 探险队将于一周后出发。
The Prime Minister is to visit Hungary in May. 首相将于五月访问匈牙利。
Who is to play Macbeth? 谁扮演麦克佩斯？
b. You're to stay here till we return. 你得待在这里直到我们回来。
No one is to leave this building without their permission. 未经他们允许谁也不准离开这座楼。
He says that we are to wait till he comes. 他说我们得等着他回来。
You are not to smoke in the office. 你们不得在办公室抽烟。
还有一些其他意思，详见第13.5.5节。
5) be about to结构：
表示就要发生的事：
They're about to start. 他们就要出发了。
Quick, jump in! The train is about to leave. 快，跳上车，火车就要开了。
Turn off the gas—the soup is about to boil over. 把煤气关掉——汤快溢出来了。
I was just about to fall into a doze when he started up. 我正要打盹时他突然出现了。
6) be due to构成的谓语：
这种结构表示“定于…”
Mary is due to leave at two o'clock. 玛丽定于两点动身。
They are due to meet again tomorrow. 他们定于明天再会面。
She is due to graduate next summer. 她明年暑假毕业。
The bridge is due to be completed next April. 大桥定于明年四月完工。
8.3.4 将来进行时
1) 将来进行时（The Future Continuous Tense）表示将来某时将正在进行的动作：
Next Wednesday We'll be flying to Sydney. 下星期三我们将飞往悉尼。
What will you be doing on Saturday? 星期六你会在干什么？
This time tomorrow we'll be sitting in the cinema and watching a film. 明天这时我们会坐在电影院看电影。
On Saturday morning, Bill will be working in the garden and Ann will be shopping. 星期六早上，比尔会在花园里干活,安会去买东西。
2) 这个时态还可表示安排要做的事或预计会发生的事：
He'll be taking his exam next week. 他下星期考试。
He won't be coming to the party. 他不会来参加聚会。
I'll be seeing you tomorrow. 我明天会见到你的。
We'll be getting in touch with you. 我们将和你联系。
3) 这个时态在口语中用得比较多，有时可以和现在进行时换用：
有时也可以和一般将来时换用，两者间有细微的差别，试比较下面句子：
8.3.5 将来完成时和将来完成进行时
1) 将来完成时（The Future Perfect Tense）表示将来某时某动作业已完成或某事情业已发生：
By the end of the year I'll have saved £1,000. 到年底时我就存了1,000英镑了。
Tom will have had his exam by 18 December. 汤姆12月18号就已经考完试了。
By this summer we'll have been here for five years. 到今年夏天我们在这里就满五年了。
The train will have left when we get to the station. 我们到车站时火车会已经开了。
2) 将来完成进行时（The Future Perfect Continuous）表示在将来某时某个动作已进行多久了：
By the end of the year she'll have been acting for twenty years. 到今年年底她演戏将满二十年。
By this summer he'll have been training horses for ten years. 到今年夏天他干训马工作就满十年了。
In another month's time I'll have been studying here for three years. 再过一个月我在这里学习就满三年了。
On November 1 we'll have been living in this flat for thirty years. 到十一月一号我们在这套房子里就住满三十年了。
8.4 一般过去时和过去进行时
8.4.1 一般过去时的用法
1) 一般过去时（The Simple Past Tense）主要表示一个过去发生的动作（a）或存在的状态（b）：
a. I got to know her in 1998. 我是1998年认识她的。
My grandfather died last year. 我祖父是去年去世的。
