VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.3
Tom has been seeing about a work permit for you. 汤姆一直在设法帮你取得工作许可证。
Which judge has been hearing the case? 哪位法官在审这个案子？
She has been having a tooth out. 她在拔牙。
The children have been looking forward to this holiday for months. 孩子们好几个月来一直盼望着这个节日。
want这个动词有时可用于完成进行时，表示“一直想”
You're the very man I've been wanting to meet. 你正是我一直想见的人。
3) 有少数动词用两种时态都可以，意思差别不大，如：
强调时间长度时用完成进行时较好：
I've been coughing all night. 我咳了一整夜。（比I've coughed all night.更强调咳得久）
All the time she's been sitting there in silence. 她一直静坐在那里。
All these years we've been trying to get in touch with him. 这些年来我们一直在设法和他联系。
He's been hoping for a raise in salary all the time. 他一直盼望着加薪。
8.6 过去完成时和过去完成进行时
8.6.1 过去完成时的用法
1) 过去完成时表示过去某时前某事业已发生（可说是过去的过去）：
When I arrived Jane had just left. 我到时简刚刚离开。
The play had already started when we got to the theatre. 我们到剧场时戏已经开始了。
Up till then we had only covered half the distance. 到那时我们才走了一半路程。
She had rushed out of the door before I could stop her. 我还没来得及拦阻她已冲出门去了。
By the end of June they had treated over 10,000 patients. 到六月底他们已治疗了一万多病人。
Before daybreak they had already wiped out all the enemy troops. 拂晓前他们已把敌军全部歼灭。
2) 过去时间有时由一时间状语表示出来（如上例），但在更多情况下时间都由上下文表示出来：
She found she had left her case on the train. 她发现她把箱子遗忘在火车上了。
It was the first time I had been in a foreign country. 那是我第一次到国外。
She had changed so much I couldn't recognize her. 她变了那么多，我都认不出她来了。
He had served in the army for ten years, last year he retired. 他在部队干了十年，去年退役了。
He showed me the poems he had written. 他让我看他写的诗。
They took us to see the hydroelectric plant they had built. 他们带我们去看他们修建的水力发电厂。
He believed that he had done the right thing. 他相信他做的事是对的。
I didn't know I had given you so much trouble. 我不知道给你添了这么多麻烦。
3) 这个时态还可用在故事中追叙更早时间发生的事：
Tom was 23 when our story begins. His father had died five years before. Since then Tom had lived alone. His father had advised him not to get married till he was 35, and Tom intended to follow this advice. 我们的故事开始时汤姆二十三岁。他的父亲五年前已经过世。从那时起汤姆一直一个人生活。他父亲曾劝他到三十五岁再结婚，汤姆打算照这个意思做。
Lao Bai was a poor peasant. Back in 1933 he had come to settle in Yuan Mao. He had been a hard worker and had cleared fifty mu of land. One year, the rainfall was unfavourable. He began... 老白是一位贫苦的农民，1933年来到元茂村落户。他辛辛苦苦开了五十亩荒地。有一年雨水不调，他开始…
还可描述一幅景像：
Dusk had fallen. The moon was shining faintly on the winding road. Silence reigned in the village. 夜色已经降临，淡淡的月光照在蜿蜒的路上，村子里一片宁静。
8.6.2 使用过去完成时的一些常见情况
在下面情况中我们常可使用过去完成时：
1) 用在宾语从句中（特别是在间接引语中）：
He said that he had been in China for over ten years. 他说他在中国已经有十多年了。
He told me that he had known her since he was a child. 他告诉我他从小就认识她。
I heard that they had made an important discovery. 我听说他们有了一个重要发现。
She learned that scientists had made a breakthrough in the treatment of that disease. 她了解到科学家在治疗那种疾病方面有了突破。
I was afraid I had offended her. 我担心我得罪了她。
2) 用在状语从句中：
When she had sung her song she sat down. 她唱完歌后坐了下来。
I found the letter long after he had gone away. 他走后好久我才找到那封信。
Before we had finished our meal he ordered us back to work. 不等我们吃完饭他就命令我们回去干活。
He refused to go till he had searched all the rooms. 他把所有房间搜查了一遍后才离开。
I didn't begin the work until he had gone. 直到他走了我才开始这工作。
As soon as he had done it, he knew it was a mistake. 他刚一动手就知道做错了。
3) 用在定语从句中：
She showed me the pictures she had painted. 她把她画的画拿给我看。
The old oak tree, which had stood in the yard for a hundred years, suddenly crashed to the ground. 这棵老橡树在院子里已挺立了一百年，有天突然倒了下来。
Peter, who had waited for an hour, was very angry when his sister came up.彼得等了一个钟头，当看见他妹妹出现时他很生气。
She wore the necklace her mother had left her. 她戴着她母亲留给她的项链。
4) 和time这个词一道用：
It was the first time I had made such a mistake. 这是我首次出这样的错。
It was the second time he had been in that house. 这是他第二次进那座房子。
It was the third time she had been out with him. 这是她第三次和他外出。
5) 用在than或as引导的从句中：
We finished the work earlier than we had expected. 我们早于预期完成了这项工作。
The concert was more successful than they had thought. 音乐会比他们预想的还要成功。
We didn't get along as well as we had hoped. 我们相处得没有希望的那样好。
6) 用于hope， intend， mean， think等动词表示未实现的愿望：
I had hoped to be back last night, but I didn't catch the train. 我本来希望昨晚回来的，但没搭上火车。
I'd intended visiting him this weekend but I wasn't able to make it. 我本想这个周末去看望他的，但这次去不成了。
We had thought to return early but they wouldn't let us go. 我们本想早回来的，但他们不让我们走。
8.6.3 过去完成进行时的用法
1) 过去完成进行时表示持续到过去某时的一个动作：
He was tired. He had been working since dawn. 他很累，天亮起就一直在工作。
It had been snowing all night. The ground was covered with thick snow. 下了一夜的雪，地上覆盖着厚厚一层白雪。
They were just back. They had been skiing in the mountains. 他们刚回来，他们一直在山里滑雪。
The war had been going on for two years until they agreed on a cease-fire.战争进行了两年直到他们达成了一项停火协议。
She had been trying to find a job. She still hadn't found one. 她一直在设法找工作，但仍没找到。
He asked how long I had been waiting. 他问我等多久了。
2) 过去完成进行时和现在完成进行时的用法是一致的，只不过是把时间从现在移到了过去：
现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
* * *
* * *
I've often been thinking of you. I had often been thinking of you.
He's been worrying about her safety. He'd been worrying about her safety.
Obviously she's been crying. Obviously she'd been crying.
All these years he's been travelling. All these years he'd been travelling.
3) 过去完成时和过去完成进行时的差别是，前者表示动作业已完成，后者表示动作一直在继续（可能还在进行）：
过去完成时
（动作业已完成） 过去完成进行时
（动作可能还在进行）
* * *
* * *
He had painted the street door. He had been painting the street door.
She had cleaned the kitchen. She had been cleaning the kitchen.
They had repaired the engine. They had been repairing the engine.
We had redecorated the room. We had been redecorating the room.
4) 这个时态常可用在某些从句中：
I didn't know you had been waiting for me. 我不知道你一直在等我。
He couldn't guess where she had been hiding. 他猜不出她躲在哪里。
Nancy told me she'd been looking for me. 南希告诉我她一直在找我。
That was what I had been trying to do. 那正是我一直想要做的事。
That was the letter she had been expecting. 这正是她一直盼着的信。
8.7 过去将来时态
8.7.1 一般过去将来时的用法
1) 一般过去将来时表示从过去观点看将要发生的事：
It was four o'clock. Soon the sun would come up. 这时是四点钟，一会儿太阳就要出来了。
Perhaps she would be willing to join us, I thought. 我想或许她会愿意加入到我们中来。
We stopped for a little while. After that we would go into town. 我们停留了一会儿，然后我们就将进城。
From their trip to the west, they would return in October. 他们西部之行后将于十月回来。
He was sixty-eight. In two years he would be seventy. 他六十八了，再过两年就七十了。
2) 这个时态常用在宾语从句中：
I knew you would agree. （比较：I know you will agree.） 我知道你会同意的。
I little thought you would object to the plan. 我没想到你会反对这计划。
I arose, telling him I would wait for him outside. 我站起身，告诉他我将在外面等他。
We expected that you would stay here. 我们预料你会住这儿。
I thought the roses would come out soon. 我想玫瑰不久就会开花。
She never dreamed the place would be so beautiful. 她做梦也没想到这地方会这样美。
还可用于下面这类从句中：
She was confident that she would find work. 她自信她会找到工作的。
I was certain that he would get over his illness. 我确信他会战胜病魔。
He was sure that he would succeed. 他深信他能成功。
It was still a problem whether we would have time to do it. 我们是否有时间做这事还是个问题。
8.7.2 过去将来进行时和过去将来完成时
1) 过去将来进行时表示从过去观点看将来某时会正在进行的动作：
I thought Richard would be looking after her. 我想里查德会照顾她的。
She didn't know when she would be seeing them again. 她不知道她什么时候会再见到他们。
I asked him what he would be doing that night. 我问他那天晚上他将会干什么。
He said he would be watching TV that night. 他说那天晚上他将看电视。
2) 这个时态和将来进行时是相似的，只不过是把观点移到过去而已：
将来进行时 过去将来进行时
* * *
* * *
I'll be waiting for you outside. He said he'd be waiting for me outside.
Tomorrow we'll be flying to Paris. We'd be flying to Paris the next day.
Soon we'll be crossing the border. Soon we'd be crossing the Border.
Who will be looking after the children while we are away? Who would be looking after the children while we were away?
3) 过去将来完成时表示从过去观点看将来某时前会已发生的事：
I thought you'd have left by this time. 我想到这时你会已经走了。
She hoped that they would have got everything ready before she got back. 她希望在她回来以前他们已把一切都准备好。
He told them he would have finished by 8 o'clock. 他告诉他们他八点前就会干完。
I guessed that Helen would have told her something. 我猜海伦会已告诉她一些情况。
4) 过去将来完成进行时用得很少，但用法和将来完成进行时是一致的，只是把观点移向过去而已：
She said she would have been teaching for twenty years by this summer. （比较：She will have been teaching for twenty years by this summer.）她说到今年暑期她教书就已满二十年了。
They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years. 他们告诉我到今年年底他们在一起工作就满三十年了。
8.7.3 “从过去观点看将来”的一些其他表示法
“从过去观点看将来”还有一些其他表示法：
1) was (were) going to——（过去某时）准备做某事：
He was just going to go to bed when there was a knock at the door. 他正准备睡觉时忽然有人敲门。
She was going to sell her old car and buy a new one. 她打算把旧车卖掉买辆新车。
I thought there was going to be a storm soon. 我想就将有一场暴风雨来临。
Was Mary going to come with us? 玛丽准备和我们一道去吗？
2) 过去进行时——（过去某时）将要做某事：
He told me he was leaving in an hour. 他告诉我他一小时后就要走了。
I asked her whether she was coming to the party. 我问她是否要来参加晚会。
I heard they were getting married in June. 我听说他们六月结婚。
She said she wasn't going out that evening. 她说她那天晚上不外出。
3) was (were) about to——（过去某时）正要做某事：
We were about to leave when a car drove up. 我们正要离开时一辆车开了过来。
He said that he was just about to phone us. 他说他正要给我们打电话。
I was about to take a bath when the telephone rang. 我正要洗澡时电话铃响了。
He was about to win the race. Sudderly he stumbled and fell. 他赛跑就要获胜时，突然脚下一绊摔倒了。
4) was (were) due to——定于（后来某时）做某事：
The passenger plane was due to take off in five minutes. 客机五分钟后将起飞。
The conference was due to last five days. 会议将持续五天。
The Cox brothers were due to graduate that autumn. 考克斯兄弟将于那年秋天毕业。
He was due to speak that night. 他定于那天晚上发言。
5) was (were)+不定式——（过去某时）准备将来做某事：
She was to take the 10:30 train, but she got to the station too late. 她本来打算坐十点半的火车，但她到达车站时已经太晚了。
We were to have a picnic that afternoon. Suddenly it began to rain. 我们计划那天下午去野餐，突然天下起雨来。
He was to go hunting after lunch. 午饭后他准备去狩猎。
How were they to cross the river? 他们该怎样过河呢？
All this I was to learn later. 这一切我后来才知道。
6) was (were)+不定式的完成形式——本来打算做某事：
We were to have met in the park, but he didn't turn up. 我们本来要在公园里会面的，但他没有来。
They were to have been married that year. Then the war broke out. 他们本来打算那年结婚的，后来战争爆发了。
I was to have told you about it, but haven't found time to do so. 我本来想告诉你的，却没腾出空来跟你说。
8.8 时态的呼应
8.8.1 时态的呼应
某些从句（特别是宾语从句）中的动词时态，常受主句谓语时态的制约，如在I thought you were free.这句话中，因受thought的影响，从句中的谓语只能用were free这个形式。这就称为时态的呼应（The Sequence of Tenses）。如果主句谓语为现在时或将来时，从句中的谓语可以不受影响：
It's reported that they are building a new railway. 据报导他们正在修建一条新铁路。
Has he told you when he is leaving for Kunming? 他告没告诉你他什么时候去昆明？
We are trying to find out who is to take over the job. 我们正设法打听谁将接替这工作。
Will you tell me how you two are getting along? 你可否告诉我你俩相处得怎样？
如果主句谓语为过去时，从句谓语一般要跟着改为相关的过去时。改变的方式如下：
1) 一般现在时改为一般过去时：
I was sure he was in bed. (比较：I'm sure he's in bed.)
I didn't know where they lived. (比较：I don't know where they live.)
2) 现在进行时改为过去进行时：
He thought he was working for the people. (比较：He thinks he's working for the people.)
I was glad you were doing well. (比较：I'm glad you're doing well.)
3) 现在完成时改为过去完成时：
I heard she had won a scholarship. (比较：I hear she has won a scholarship.)
I wondered if she had got well. (比较：I wonder if she has got well.)
4) 现在完成进行时改为过去完成进行时：
He wanted to know what she had been doing. (比较：He wants to know what she has been doing.)
I asked him how long he had been waiting. (比较：Ask him how long he's been waiting.)
5) 一般将来时改为一般过去将来时：
I hoped I'd find a job soon. (比较：I hope I'll find a job soon.)
He wasn't sure if she'd accept the offer. (比较：He isn't sure if she'll accept the offer.)
6) 将来进行时改为过去将来进行时：
I thought she'd be going by bus. (比较：I think she'll be going by bus.)
She said she'd be expecting us. (比较：She says she'll be expecting us.)
7) 将来完成（进行）时改为过去将来完成（进行）时：
I thought he'd have gone to bed now. (比较：I think he'll have gone to bed now.)
I knew she'd have been teaching here for 20 years by this summer.
(比较：I know she'll have been teaching for 20 years by this summer.)
8) 一般过去时有时可改为过去完成时：
He said he had seen Bob that morning. (比较：I saw Bob this morning.)
如有明确的时间状语，可以保持原来时态：
I knew he was born in 1970. (比较：I know he was born in 1970.)
8.8.2 一些特殊情况
1) 在某些情况下，从句谓语不随主句谓语变化，例如：
a. 表示永恒真理时谓语可以不变：
This proved that the earth is round. 这证明地球是圆的。
The teacher told us that the Yangtze originates in Qinghai. 老师告诉我们说长江发源于青海。
b. 在口语中为了避免误会也可以不变：
She said she's leaving tonight. 她说她今晚走。
Tom said he'll do it. 汤姆说这事他来做。
He told me he works in the editorial office. 他告诉我他在编辑部工作。
He told me just now that his wife is ill. 他刚才告诉我他妻子病了。
2) 有时可变可不变：
如强调现在的情况可以用现在时态：
3) can， may， will， shall可改为could， might， would， should：
She can swim like a fish. →She said that she could swim like a fish.
You may take it home. →She said I might take it home.
We'll support you. →They assured us that they would support us.
Shall I go with you? →He asked if he should go with us.
4) could， might， should， ought， must都可以不变：
Could I take this seat? →I asked if I could take that seat.
You might leave now. →She said I might leave now.
Should I shut the door? →I wondered whether I should shut the door.
I oughtn't to do it. →He said that I oughtn't to do it.
I must leave right away. →I said I must leave right away.
9.1 主动语态与被动语态
9.1.1 主动语态和被动语态
主语和谓语有时是主动关系，即主语是动作的执行者，如：
Everybody respects him. 人人都尊敬他。
有时也可以是被动关系，即主语是动作的承受者，如：
He is respected by everybody. 他受到大家的尊敬。
第一句的谓语为主动语态，第二句的谓语为被动语态。就句子来说，前一句是主动结构，后一句为被动结构。这里也可看出被动结构句子中的主语是主动结构句子中的宾语：
这类句子有些有by引导的状语，如：
The supermarket is run by a young lady. 这家超市是一位年轻的女士经营的。
The play was written by Cao Yu. 这个戏是曹禺写的。
但有些却没有，如：
She was born in Hunan Province. 她出生于湖南省。
They were given a warm welcome. 他们受到热烈的欢迎。
从这些句子中也可以看出，被动词态由“be+过去分词”构成，时态由be表现出来。
9.1.2 哪些动词可用于被动语态
1) 一般说来及物动词可用于被动语态，因为及物动词有宾语，把宾语变为主语，句子即可改为被动结构：
主动结构 被动结构
* * *
