VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.6
在suppose后的宾语从句中也可能包含虚拟语气：
Suppose her father turned her out of doors! 设想她父亲把她撵出家门！
Suppose they did not believe him what would they do to him? 假如他们不相信他的话，他们会把他怎么样？
3) suggest， demand， insist， ask这类动词后的宾语从句：
在这类从句中美国人多用动词原形（也就是现在虚拟语气）：
He suggested that a petition (should) be drawn up. 他建议起草一份请愿书。
She demanded that I pay her immediately. 她要求我立即付款给她。
He insisted that Jennie send her to dancing school. 他坚持要珍妮送她进舞蹈学校。
He asks that he be given an opportunity to explain his case. 他要求给他机会解释他的情况。
I advise that he go at once. 我建议他马上就去。
I propose that Mr. Parr be the chairman. 我提议帕尔先生担任主席。
She urged that he write and accept the post. 她催促他写信去接受这个职位。
Congress has voted that the present law be maintained. 国会投票决定维持现行法律。
He requested that the Premier grant him an interview. 他请求总理接见他。
He commanded that we (should) attack at once. 他命令我们立即进攻。
The Queen desires that you (should) come at once. 女王希望你马上来。
I move that we accept the proposal. 我提议通过这项提案。
He ordered that the man be released. 他命令释放那人。
I recommend that everyone (should) buy this dictionary. 我建议这字典每个人买一本。
He requires that they (should) work all night. 他要求他们通宵工作。
The Senate has decreed that such students not be exempted from college dues. 参议院规定这样的学生不能免交学费。
They intended that the news (should) be suppressed. 他们打算封锁这条消息。
She petitioned the king that her son (should) be pardoned. 她恳求国王宽恕她的儿子。
英国人过去多用“should+动词原形”作这类从句中的谓语，但现在用原形的人也越来越多了，另外这类句子也可变为被动语态，宾语从句则成了主语从句：
It is suggested that we make a special study of the problem. 有人建议我们对这问题作专门研究。
It was intended that you be the candidate. 打算让你作候选人。
It was proposed that this matter be discussed at the next meeting. 有人提议这问题下次会上再议。
It is requested that a vote be taken. 有人提请投票表决。
10.3.2 虚拟语气在主语、表语等从句中的运用
虚拟语气还可在主语、表语及同位语从句中使用，形式和上节第三段谈的句子基本上一样：
1) 虚拟语气在主语从句中的使用：
It is important that he work hard. 他努力工作是很重要的。
It is essential that this mission not fail. 这项任务不失败至关重要。
It is appropriate that this tax be abolished. 废除这项税收是合适的。
It's imperative that you (should) not be seen here. 你不要在这里露面，这很要紧。
It's vital to her health that she take this medicine. 她吃这药对她的身体非常重要。
另外，在有些这类结构的句子中，主语从句的谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，这时多带有一些情感色彩，可译为“竟然”等（表示一种不可思议的状况）：
It seems so unfair that this should happen to me. 我身上竟发生这样的事，这似乎很不公平。
I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so miserable. 有人竟然这样悲惨，我感到太可怕了。
It's strange that she should be so late. 真奇怪，她竟然来得这样晚。
It is surprising that they should pass the time like that. 他们竟然这样来打发时间真令人惊讶。
It's natural that you should forget it. 你忘掉这事是很自然的。
That they should do such a wicked thing is unthinkable. 他们竟然做这样不道德的事真是不可思议。
2) 用在表语从句中的虚拟语气：
Our decision is that the school remain closed. 我们的决定是学校暂不开学。
Sophia's idea was that they should lock up the house. 索菲娅的想法是他们把屋子锁上。
My suggestion is that we take the 6:00 train. 我的建议是搭六点的火车。
Their requirement is that every member attend at least one meeting per year.他们的要求是每个会员每年至少参加一次会议。
3) 用在同位语从句中的虚拟语气：
He made the suggestion that they carry on their conversation in Japanese.他建议他们用日语接着交谈。
There have been demands that the prime minister should resign. 有人要求首相辞职。
They expressed the wish that they be given more free time. 他们表示希望给他们更多的空闲时间。
The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. 允许妇女加入该协会的决议通过了。
10.3.3 虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用
在某些状语从句中，谓语有时用虚拟语气，特别是在下面几类状语中：
1) as if， as though引导的状语从句：
这类状语从句中的谓语形式和一般虚拟语气差不多，表示现在情况时用过去虚拟语气（a），表示过去情况时用完成形式（b）：
a. I have loved you as if you were my son. 我爱你就像你是我的亲儿子。
I remember it vividly as though it were tonight. 这事我记得很清楚就像发生在今晚似的。
He behaves as if he owned the place. 他表现得像是这地方的主人。
He talks as though he knew where she was. 他谈起来仿佛他知道她在哪儿似的。
b. He talks (talked) about Rome as though he had been there himself. 他谈起罗马就仿佛他到过那里似的。
Fancy you sitting there as if nothing had happened. 瞧你坐在那里好像什么事也没发生似的。
He looks (looked) as though he had known Millie for years. 他看上去就像他认识米丽好多年了。
在look， seem， taste， smell后，as if引导的从句中可以用陈述语气：
It looks as if they are in a terrible hurry. 看起来他们好像忙得要命。
It seems as if we shall have to walk. 看上去我们得步行了。
The meat tastes as if it has gone bad. 这肉吃起来好像已经坏了。
The milk smells as if it is sour. 这奶闻起来好像酸掉了。
as if （though）还可引导表语从句：
It isn't as if you were going away for good. 又不是你一去不复返了。
It is not as though we were poor. 我们又不是穷人家。
You look as if you didn't care. 你看上去好像不在乎的样子。
2) 有些让步从句中也可能用虚拟语气，特别是某些句型，其中有些用现在虚拟语气（a），有些用may， might， would构成谓语（b）：
a. Though he be the President himself, he shall hear us. 即使他是总统本人，他也得听我们讲话。
Whether she be right or wrong, we will support her. 不管她是对还是错，我们都会支持她.
Whatever be the reasons for his action, we cannot tolerate such disloyalty.不管他这样做的原因何在，我们都不能容忍这种不忠诚的行为。
b. Be that as it may, we have nothing to lose. 即使如此，我们也不损失什么。
Come what may, we will go ahead with our plan. 不管发生什么情况，我们也要推行这个计划。
Poor though you might be, you cannot live all your life on charity. 尽管你穷，你也不能一辈子靠救济过日子。
Try as I would, I cannot prevail upon him to follow my advice. 不管想什么办法，我都不能劝说他按我的意见行事。
这些句子（特别是第一类）的从句谓语也可用陈述语气：
Though he is the President himself...
Whether she is right or wrong...
上面的b类句子可以看作是一种句型。
3) 有些目的从句也可用虚拟语气作谓语（主要是用动词原形）：
They removed the prisoner in order that he not disturb the proceedings any further. 他们把犯人带走以免他继续干扰诉讼进程。
The President must reject the proposal, lest it cause strife and violence. 总统必须拒绝这个提议，以免引起冲突和暴力。
Earth mounds were being hastily erected lest an attack (should) be launched that night. 正在匆忙地垒起土堆，以防那晚（敌人）会发起袭击。
但这种用法已日渐减少，现在多用would， should， could， might等构成谓语（属于陈述语气范畴）：
He left early in order that the children would not be alone in the house. 他早早动身以免孩子们单独待在家里。
I lent him £50 so that he might go for a holiday. 我借给他五十英镑以便他能去度假。
I hired a boat so that I could go fishing. 我租了一条船以便能出去钓鱼。
He hurried on, lest she should meet him again. 他匆忙往前走，以免她再碰到他。
4) 在“be+形容词”这种结构后的从句，有时用should+动词原形构成谓语：
I'm surprised that you should press the suggestion. 我很奇怪你怎么会坚持你的建议。
He was amazed that some countries should express indignation at it. 他很惊讶有些国家竟对此感到愤怒。
They're especially anxious that you should come. 他们特别期盼你能来。
They were insistent that we be ready. 他们坚持要我们做好准备。
但这类结构后的从句用陈述语气的时候可能更多一些。
10.4 虚拟语气的一些其他用法
10.4.1 虚拟语气在祝愿语中的用法
在一些表示祝愿的话语中仍可找到虚拟语气（多用动词原形）：
God be praised! 愿上帝受到赞美！
God save all living beings! 愿上帝拯救众生！
Heaven forbid that I should ever say nasty things about you. 我要是说你坏话上天不容。
God damn it! 该死的！
Long live peace! 和平万岁！
So be it. 就这样吧。
Please God, there hasn't been an accident. 谢天谢地，没有出事。
So help me God. 上天作证！
Far be it from me to spoil the fun. 我才不愿意扫别人的兴哩。
Curse this fog! 这讨厌的雾！
有些祝愿的话用may开始：
May you enjoy many years of health and happiness. 祝您健康长寿美满幸福。
May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你！
May there never be another world war. 愿永远不再有世界大战。
10.4.2 It's (high) time后的定语从句中的虚拟语气
1) 在It's time后的定语从句中谓语要用虚拟语气（多用过去虚拟语气）：
It's time we went. 我们该走了。
It's time we were leaving. 我们该动身了。
It's time we ordered dinner. 现在该点菜了。
I think it's time they were taught a lesson. 我想现在是给他们一次教训的时候了。
2) 在It's high time后情况也如此：
It's high time you bought a new car. 你该买辆新车了。
It's high time that you made up your mind. 该是你下决心的时候了。
It's high time you got a job and settled down. 你该找个工作安定下来了。
10.4.3 在某些句型中使用的虚拟语气
在少数句型中谓语需用虚拟语气：
1)由that引导的句子（表示愿望或沮丧情绪）：
Oh that the rain would stop! 但愿雨能停下来！
Oh, that I were with her now! 但愿我现在和她在一起！
That I should be accused of murder! 我竟然被控谋杀！
That he should act so rudely toward you! 他竟然对你这样无礼！
2) 由would that引导的句子（表示“但愿…”）：
Would (that) he were gone! 但愿他已走掉！
Would that we had seen her before she died. 如果在她临终前我们去看她一面就好了。
Would that he could have listened to his father. 他要是能听了他父亲的话就好了。
3) 由to think引导的句子（表示“没想到…）”：
To think that I trusted him! 没想到我竟然信任了他！
To think he knew about it all the time! 没想到这事他一直都知道！
To think that she should have died such a tragic death. 没想到她竟会死得这样惨。
10.4.4 某些成（短）语中包含的虚拟语气
某些成（短）语本身就包含虚拟语气：
1) as it were（were就是虚拟语气）——通常插在句子中间，表示“姑且这么说”：
He is, as it were, a walking dictionary. 他可说是一部活字典。
He is my best friend, my second self as it were. 他是我最好的朋友，可说是我第二个自己。
The English, the Scots and the Welsh are all, as it were, members of the same family. 英格兰人、苏格兰人和威尔士人都可说是一家人。
2) would have thought——本身也是虚拟语气，表示“会想到”、“会以为”等：
Who would have thought to see you here! 谁会想到在这里见到你！
Who would have thought it was going to break like that? 谁会想到它会这样碎掉？
You would have thought they would do more to help us. 你原本会以为他们会更多地帮助我们的。
3) if need be——表示“如果必要”：
I can earn my own living if need be. 如有必要，我可以自己赚钱维持生活。
I'll fight you if need be to the High Court. 必要的话我可以和你一直打到高等法院。
If need be, I can do extra work at the weekend. 倘有必要，我可以在周末加些班。
11.1 助 动 词
11.1.1 英语中的助动词
英语中常用作助动词的有三组词：
1) be， am， are， is， was， were， been， being
2) have， has， had， having
3) do， does， did
另外还有shall， will， should， would虽然也是助动词，却有时有情态动词的作用，可说是介乎助动词和情态动词之间的词，它们的作用和can， may， must有很多相近之处。为了方便，也把它们放在本章中讨论。
11.1.2 be的用法
1) be作助动词，主要用来构成：
a. 各种进行时态：
I'm seeing a friend off. 我在给一位朋友送行。
We're trying to get in touch with her. 我们正在设法和她取得联系。
She's working as an air-hostess. 她在当空姐。
He was groping in the dark, so to speak. 他可说还在黑暗中摸索。
What were you doing when I called? 我打电话时你在干什么？
Come on time. We'll be expecting you. 准时来，我们会等着你。
What have you been doing all these years? 这些年来你一直在干什么？
b. 各种被动语态：
Smoking is not allowed in this building. 本大楼内禁止吸烟。
You are requested to give a performance. 请你表演一个节目。
I'm being shown round the city. 有人正带我在城里逛。
He was penalized for a foul. 他因犯规而受罚。
Hundreds of soldiers were killed or wounded in the battle. 这次战役伤亡了数百士兵。
The trip has been cancelled. 这次远足取消了。
c. 各种被动形式：
He hates being interrupted. 他不愿受人打扰。
She was afraid of being seen by her father. 她怕被她父亲看见。
He was there being trained as an astronaut. 他在那里被培训为宇航员。
Such problems have to be handled with care. 这类问题得谨慎处理。
He asked to be sent to work in the northwest. 他请求派他去西北工作。
2) be用作其他类动词：
a. 用作系动词：
He is (was) an atheist. 他是个无神论者。
Remember your father's directions and be a good girl. 记住你爸爸的话做个好姑娘。
Be always on your guard. （你）要时刻保持警惕。
He had (has) been in Beijing for five years. 他在北京待了五年。
She wasn't in when I called. 我打电话时她不在家。
b. 作不及物动词（表示发生某事或存在某种情况）：
"How long ago was it?" "Oh, not many minutes."“这是多久以前的事？”“啊，就几分钟前的。”
The party will be in a week. 晚会一周后举行。
When is the wedding to be? 婚礼什么时候举行？
When a thing has to be, it had better be quickly. 凡事赶早不赶晚。
What will be, will be. （谚）该发生的事总要发生。
I'm sorry, sir, the meeting's already been. 对不起，先生，会已经开过了。
Could it be that they had no place to go? 是不是他们没地方可去？
3) be+不定式结构：
这种结构可表示：
a. 打算做某事或计划好要做的事（意思接近于be going to）：
I am (was) to play Juliet. 我将扮演朱丽叶。
I am to edit a volume of Irish Fairy Tales. 我打算编一本爱尔兰童话。
The President is to make a statement tomorrow. 总统明天将发表声明。
The expedition is (was) to start in a week's time. 考察队将于一周后起程。
不定式可用完成形式，表示“本来打算”：
She was to have got married last month. 她本来准备上月结婚的。
I was to have seen him yesteday, but he didn't come. 昨天我本来是要见到他的，但他没来。
The mayor was to have laid the foundation stone but he was taken ill last night. 市长原本要来主持奠基典礼的，但昨晚病了。
b. 该做某事（接近于should，must，ought to，have to等）：
Suppose he comes here, what am I to tell him? 假如他到这里来，我该对他讲什么？
You are not to smoke in the room. 你不得在这房间里抽烟。
You are not to open the box. 你不能打开这个箱子。
c. 能做某事（接近于can，may）：
How am I to pay such a debt? 这笔债我怎么还得起？
Not a sound was to be heard. 听不到一丁点声音。
We Chinese people are not to be bullied. 我们中国人是不好欺侮的。
d. 将来必然要发生的事：
The worst is still to come. 更糟糕的事还在后头。
They said goodbye, little knowing they were never to meet again. 他们互相告别，不知道彼此将再也不会见面了。
This I was only to learn later. 这一点我只是以后才知道。
11.1.3 have的用法
1) have作助动词，主要用来构成：
a. 完成时态和完成进行时态：
I've seen this film before. 我以前看过这部电影。
She's been in Hong Kong for six months. 她在香港待了六个月。
They had already told me the news. 这消息他们已告诉我了。
She'll have arrived in Shen Zhen by 6 o'clock. 六点时她将已到达深圳。
What has she been doing since? 此后她一直在干什么？
Have you been waiting long? 你等好久了吗？
I was afraid he would have gone to bed by then. 我担心那时他会已经上床睡觉了。
b. 完成形式：
He ought to have arrived by now. 现在他应当已经到了。
I'm pleased to have made your acquaintance. 认识了你我很高兴。
I regretted having been so rude to him. 我懊悔对他那样粗鲁无礼。
Don't be angry with me for not having written. 没给你写信请别生我的气。
Having lived there for ten years, she was reluctant to leave. 她在那里住了十年，因而不愿意离开。
Not having got an answer, he was rather worried. 由于没得到回音，他很着急。
2) have作及物动词的用法：
have是一个非常活跃的及物动词，可以：
a. 表示所有关系：
Bad news has wings. （谚）坏消息传得快。
Mr Green had living with him a nephew and a niece. 格林先生有一个侄儿和一个侄女和他住在一起。
The house has five rooms. 这屋子有五个房间。
I have an impression that he's been improving. 我有感觉他在改进。
常有较灵活的译法：
She has blue eyes. 她的眼睛是蓝颜色。
He has a good temper. 他脾气很好。
She had a happy childhood. 她童年很幸福。
If his car is not out, he'll let us have it. 如果他的车在家，他会借给我们的。
b. 和许多名词连用表示动作：
have a long walk 作长时间散步
have a chat (with) （和…）聊天
have a look at 瞧（某物）
have a drink of water 喝一杯水
have a wash 洗一洗
have a swim 游一会儿泳
have a rest 休息一会儿
have a read 看一会儿书
have a good lie 好好躺一会儿
have a quarrel (with) （和…）吵一架
have a win in a competition 比赛获胜
have a smoke 抽一支烟
have an accident 出事
have a fight 打了一架
have a bath 洗个澡
have a dream 做了一个梦
have a love (of) 很喜欢（某物）
have respect (for) 很尊敬（某人）
have a wish (to) 愿意（做某事）
have a dislike (of) 不喜欢
have a good laugh 畅笑了一阵子
have a try 试一试
have a fear (of) 害怕（某物）
have a conversation (with) （和…）谈话
have a discussion 讨论
have a success 很成功
have an X-ray 去透视
have a scene 争吵
c. 表示“吃”、“喝”、“患（病）”等：
They are having fish for supper. 他们晚饭吃鱼。
Then have some coffee. 那么就喝点咖啡。
Will you have a cigarette? 要不要抽根烟？
Everybody here has the influenza. 这里人人都患流感。
She has the measles. 她出麻疹了。
Do you often have colds? 你常常感冒吗？
Which injection did you have? 你打的什么针？
My sister has just had a child. 我姐姐刚生了孩子。
I never had any education. 我从未上过学。
3) 构成某些句型：
