VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.9
a. 否定句（有时借助助动词，这时不定式可带to也可不带to）：
I daren't ask her to marry me. 我不敢求她嫁给我。
The government dared not increase taxes again this year. 今年政府不敢再加税了。
They dared not move. 他们不敢动。
She dare not say what she thinks. 她不敢说出她的想法。
He doesn't dare (to) say anything. 他什么都不敢说。
They were so frightened that they didn't dare go into the room. 他们怕得不敢进屋。
They didn't dare (to) disobey. 他们不敢不服从。
Δ 也可用在带有否定意思的句子中：
I daren't have done it yesterday, but I think I dare now. 昨天我没敢这样做，但我想今天我敢。
No one dared speak of it. 没人敢谈及此事。
He never dared stay long. 他从不敢多待。
We hardly dared (to) breathe as somebody walked past the door. 有人从门口过时，我们几乎都不敢喘气了。
I scarcely dare think of it. 这事我简直不敢想。
b. 疑问句及条件从句（有时也可借助助动词）：
Dare you interrupt him? 你敢打断他的话吗？
How dare you speak to me like that! 你怎么敢对我这样讲话！
How dare he take my bicycle without even asking! 他怎么敢不问一声就把我的自行车拿走！
I wonder if she dared come home. 不知道她敢不敢回家。
Do you dare tell him? 你敢告诉他吗？
If you dare speak to me like that again, you will be sorry. 要是你再敢这样对我说话，你就会后悔的。
Jump if you dare! 你要是敢就跳！
c. 用于I dare say，don't you dare引导的句子中：
I dare say you're right. 我认为你是对的。
I dare say you are British. 我看你是英国人。
You're tired, I dare say. 我想你是累了。
Don't you dare tell my parents about this! 你敢告诉我父母这件事！
Don't you dare touch that vase. 不准碰那花瓶。
"I'm going to tell your father about the drugs." "Don't you dare!"“我要把毒品的事告诉你爸。”“你敢！”
2) 作及物动词的用法：
作及物动词时可以表示：
a. 敢（做某事）（可用于多类句子）：
He dared to walk the tightrope without a net. 他敢不用安全网来踩钢丝。
He dares to accuse me of dishonesty. 他竟敢说我不老实。
I did not dare to complain. 我不敢抱怨。
I sat at the back, never daring to speak. 我坐在后面，从不敢说话。
Do you dare to suggest that I'm capable of such an act? 你敢说我能做出这样的事？
b. 敢于面对（尝试）：
He will dare any danger. 他敢于面对任何危险。
He dared the anger of her family. 他敢于面对家人的愤怒。
The actress dared a new way of playing that famous character. 这位女演员敢尝试以新的方式扮演那个名人。
c. 向…挑战，要某人做一件危险的事：
Can you jump off the wall? Go on, I dare you! 你能从墙上跳下来吗？来，我要你跳！
Somebody dared me to jump off the bridge into the river. 有人问我敢不敢从桥上跳到河里去。
I dared them to debate with me about it. 我问他们敢不敢和我辩论这个问题。
11.3.3 be able to的用法
1) be able to可以跟一动词，意思和can差不多，有时两者可以换用：
I'm not able to (can't) answer your question. 我回答不了你的问题。
Are you able to (Can you) type? 你会打字吗？
When he was young he was able to (could) climb any tree. 小时候他什么树都爬得上去。
He wasn't able to (couldn't) understand that sentence. 他不懂那句话。
但be able to可用于更多时态，有时不能用can代替：
I shan't be able to come to your wedding. 我将不能来参加你的婚礼。
Since his accident he hasn't been able to leave the house. 他出事以来一直不能出门。
She said she had lost her passport and hadn't been able to leave the country.她说她护照丢了，一直无法出境。
She wasn't sure whether she would be able to get back that week. 她不能肯定那个星期能否赶回来。
2) be able to还可和某些情态动词或系动词连用：
I ought to be able to get in touch with him. 我应当可以和他取得联系。
He might be able to find a good hotel. 他或许能找到一家好旅馆。
She should be able to offer you some good advice. 她应当可以给你出点好主意。
He seemed able to put complicated thought in simple words. 他似乎能把复杂的思想用简单的话语说出来。
3) 还可用于非谓语动词中：
I should like to be able to read the book in the original. 我希望能阅读这本书的原文。
He much regretted not being able to come to your wedding. 他很遗憾没能来参加你们的婚礼。
She grasped my hand, not being able to say anything. 她抓住我的手，什么也说不出来。
11.3.4 have to的用法
1) have to的意思接近must，但must强调说话人的意愿：
We must remember this. 我们必须记住这一点。
You must take good care of her. 你要好好照顾她。
而have to表示客观上的必要性，常可译为“（不）得（不）”，否定形式表示“不必”：
You have to have a visa to go to another country. 你到别国去得有签证。
She has to go to the bank this afternoon. 今天下午她得去银行。
We have to be careful in such matters. 处理这类事我们得小心。
He has to do a lot of reading. 他得看很多书。
Δ这种结构的疑问式和否定式都借助do构成：
Do you have to leave so soon? 你这么快就得走吗？
Does she have to go with you? 她得和你一起去吗？
What do I have to do to get a licence? 我要怎样才能取得驾驶执照？
You don't have to get up so early. 你不必起这么早。
She doesn't (didn't) have to answer all those questions. 她不必回答所有那些问题。
Δ还可用于多种时态：
I missed the bus and had to walk home. 我没赶上巴士，只好走着回家。
We'll have to help him as much as we can. 我们将不得不尽力帮助他。
First I'd have to get my father's consent. 首先我必须取得我爸的同意。
These last few days I've had to take a rest. 最近这几天我不得不休息了一下。
If it hadn't been for your help, I would have had to leave. 要不是你帮忙，我就得离开这里了。
2) 这种结构可用于被动语态：
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome. 有种种困难需要克服。
A lot of letters had to be answered. 有大量的信要回。
The whole thing will have to be done all over again. 整件事将不得不重做一遍。
还可和may，might连用：
We may have to cancel the plan. 我们可能不得不取消这项计划。
They might have to ask her permission to do this. 他们要这样做可能得请求她的许可。
3) have got to和have to意思差不多：
I've got to be off now. 我现在得走了。
We've got to send her to hospital. 我们不得不送她进医院。
Has he got to get himself involved in this affair? 他有必要卷入此事吗？
She has got to be operated on. 她得动手术。
11.3.5 had better (best)的用法
1) had better也接近一个情态动词，后面总跟动词原形，表示“最好…”（had常可紧缩为'd）：
We'd better go before it gets dark. 我们最好趁天没黑就走。
You'd better take a nap after lunch. 午饭后你最好小睡一会儿。
Hadn't we better take an umbrella? 我们是不是带把雨伞比较好？
You'd better not talk like that. 你最好别这样讲话。
What had we better do? 我们最好怎么办？
后面有时可跟不定式的进行式，表示立即做某事：
I think I'd better be going. 我想我最好还是马上走。
We'd better be getting our clothes ready. 我们最好马上把衣服准备好。
had有时可以省略：
You better stop arguing. 你们最好别争论了。
Better not wait for them. 最好别等他们了。
2) had best的用法和had better差不多：
We had best have his opinion first. 我们最好先听听他的意见。
I had best be going now. 我最好现在就走。
12.1 不定式的用法
12.1.1 概说
1) 不定式有两种，即带to的不定式（a）和不带to的不定式（b）：
a. I've come to seek your advice. 我是来向你求教的。
b. What you said made me think. 你的话使我深思。
不带to的不定式和动词原形相同，有人称作光秃不定式（Bare Infinitive），不过在大多数情况下不定式都带to。
2) 不定式在句中可充当许多成分：
a. 构成谓语：
He seems to be in good health. 他似乎身体很好。
b. 作主语：
To know everything is to know nothing. 事事皆懂，无一精通。
c. 作宾语：
I hope to be back in a couple of days. 我希望两三天就回来。
d. 构成复合宾语：
She wanted this meeting to be a successful one. 她希望这次会议成功。
e. 作定语：
Do you have anything to say? 你有什么话要说吗？
f. 作状语：
I was delighted to receive your letter. 我很高兴接到你的来信。
g. 作表语：
My duty is to get you away, to save you. 我的职责是帮你逃走，是要救你。
3) 不定式毕竟还是动词，因而也具有动词的某些特点，如：
a. 可以有自己的宾语：
They asked to see my passport. 他们要求查验我的护照。
b. 可以有自己的状语：
She told me to go home. 她要我回家。
不定式和它后面的宾语或（和）状语构成不定式短语（下面谈到不定式时也都包含了不定式短语）。
4) 不定式有一些不同形式：
5) 不定式虽然不能有自己的主语，但在意思上仍有履行这动作的人或物，称为逻辑主语（Logical Subject）。下面句中的黑体词就是不定式的逻辑主语：
She taught me to read. 她教我认字。（我认字）
I'll be glad to help you. 我将乐于帮助你。（我将帮助你）
当不定式和它的逻辑主语有被动关系（即动作被它做）时，不定式就需要用被动形式：
She was sent there to be trained as an astronaut. 她被派到那里接受宇航员的训练。
不定式前面有时有一个由介词for引导的短语，来表示它的逻辑主语：
The simplest thing is for him to resign. 最简单的办法就是他辞职。
12.1.2 不定式构成谓语
不定式构成谓语有下面几种方式：
1) 不带to的不定式和某些助动词构成谓语：
Will you please call back again in a little while? 请过一会儿再打电话来好吗？
Shall I help you? 要不要我帮你？
Would you like me to interpret for you? 要不要我来给你当翻译？
I'll be back right away. 我马上就回来。
He won't tell me his address. 他不肯告诉我他的地址。
I should think so. 我想是这样的。
2) 不带to的不定式和情态动词构成谓语：
We must keep this in mind. 我们必须记住这一点。
How can we convince him? 我们怎样才能使他相信？
She might not like the idea. 她可能不赞成这个想法。
We needn't wait for him. 我们不必等他了。
How dare you call me a liar? 你怎么竟敢说我是撒谎者？
We'd better wait and see. 我们最好等着瞧。
3) 不定式和某些动词构成谓语：
How are you going to solve the problem? 你准备怎样解决这个问题？
What time is the plane to take off ? 飞机什么时候起飞？
You ought to be prepared for the worst. 你必须准备应付最坏的情况。
We have (got) to be cautious. 我们必须慎重行事。
I'm sorry I haven't been able to do much. 抱歉我没能多帮忙。
We used to work in the same department. 我们过去在一个部门工作。
She happened to live in the same area. 她碰巧住在同一个地区。
How did you get to know all this? 这一切你是怎么知道的？
He seemed to be doing all right. 他似乎情况不错。
You appear to have travelled a lot. 你好像走过很多地方。
4) 不定式和某些形容词构成复合谓语：
The plan is bound to succeed. 这计划一定会成功。
Madame is sure to be right. 夫人肯定是对的。
He is certain to return. 他一定会回来。
He is much more likely to be in Spain. 他更可能在西班牙。
He is unlikely to arrive before 1:00 p.m. 他下午一点前到达的可能性不大。
He was apt to become excited. 他很容易激动。
The talk is due to start on Monday. 会谈定于星期一开始。
5) 不定式和某些被动结构构成复合谓语：
He is said to have been in China many times. 据说他曾多次到过中国。
Another spaceship is believed to have landed on Mars. 据信又有一艘宇宙飞船在火星上着陆了。
This was thought to be impossible. 过去这被认为是不可能的。
His situation was considered to be dangerous. 他的处境被认为是很危险的。
He is known to be a great artist. 大家都知道他是一位伟大的画家。
You are not supposed to know that. 你不应当知道此事。
The situation there is reported to be deteriorating. 据报导那里的形势正在恶化。
You are expected to speak at the meeting. 大家期待你在会上发言。
12.1.3 不定式作主语
不定式可以作主语，如：
To compromise appears advisable. 妥协似乎是明智的。
To lean out of the window is dangerous. 把头伸出窗外是危险的。
To stop the work now seems impossible. 现在把这工作停下来似乎已不可能。
To ignore this might have serious consequences. 忽略这一点可能会有严重后果。
To err is human, to forgive, divine. （谚）犯错误人皆难免，宽恕才难能可贵。
但在更多情况下都用it作先行主语，而把不定式这个真正主语放到句子后部去，这样可使主语不至显得太长，避免头重脚轻的现象。常见的这类句子有下面几种：
1) It + be+形容词+不定式（斜体部分为真正的主语）：
It's hard (difficult) to say which is better. 很难说哪个更好。
It's foolish (silly) to act like that. 这样做是愚蠢的。
Is it easy to learn a foreign language? 学外语容易吗？
It is not necessary to do all these exercises. 没有必要做所有这些练习。
It's impossible to finish the job in one day. 一天完成这项工作是不可能的。
It's so good (nice) to talk to you. 和你谈话真好。
It isn't right to waste so much money on it. 在这上面白花这么多钱是不对的。
It is essential (important) to know all the facts. 掌握所有事实至关重要。
It's still possible to catch the train. 还有可能赶上火车。
It's advisable to revise the plan. 修改计划是明智的。
It is wrong to steal. 偷窃是错误的。
2) It+be+名词+不定式：
It's an honour to meet you. 见到你很荣幸。
It's our duty to obey the law. 遵守法律是我们的责任。
I think it's a pity to waste so much money. 我想浪费这么多钱是很遗憾的。
It's my privilege to serve you. 为你服务是我难得的机会。
It was great fun to have a picnic there. 在那里野餐很有意思。
It's a good habit to eat slowly. 细嚼慢咽是好习惯。
It's a shame to deceive your friends. 骗你自己的朋友是很可耻的。
It's a great pleasure to work with you. 和你们一起工作非常愉快。
It's my wish to do something for the public. 为公众做些事是我的愿望。
3) It +动词（宾语）+不定式：
It cost a lot of money to build this museum. 盖这座博物馆花了很多钱。
How long does it take to fly across the Pacific Ocean? 飞渡太平洋要多少时间？
It requires patience to be a teacher. 当老师要有耐心。
It amused me to hear these jokes. 听到这些笑话我很开心。
It would take ages to really master a language. 要真正掌握一种语言需要花很长时间。
It amazed me to hear that you were leaving. 听说你要走了我很惊讶。
It takes two to make a quarrel. （谚）吵架要有两个人。
It made us very angry to hear him talk like that. 听他这样讲话让我们很生气。
It feels good to be out here for a while. 出来在这待一会儿是挺惬意的。
What harm can it do to give advice? 给人出主意有什么不好？
4) It+be+介词短语+不定式：
It's against my principles to collaborate with them. 和他们合作违反我的原则。
It's beyond me to explain these. 要解释这些我力所不及。
It's not within my power to change his view. 要改变他的观点非我所能。
It would be beneath him to accept such a job. 接受这份工作会有失他的身份。
It is just like you to be always ready to help a friend. 随时准备帮助朋友正是你的本色。
12.1.4 不定式作宾语
1) 不定式作宾语时特别多，许多动词都可跟这种宾语：
He agreed to pay$4,000 for the car. 他同意出四千美元买这辆车。
They failed to fulfil the plan. 他们没能完成计划。
We managed to put the fire out. 我们终于把火扑灭了。
They are preparing to build a freeway between the two cities. 他们正准备在两座城市之间建一条高速公路。
She preferred to stay behind. 她宁愿留下。
The soldiers refused to surrender. 士兵们拒不投降。
She volunteered to go and work in the northwest. 她志愿到西北地区工作。
We can't afford to stay at a five-star hotel. 我们住不起五星级酒店。
Don't bother (trouble) to answer the letter personally. 不必费事亲自回信。
You must learn to look after yourself. 你必须学着照顾自己。
常见的这类动词有：
2) 不定式有时和一连接代（副）词一道构成宾语：
He discovered how to open the safe. 他发现了开保险箱的方法。
I'll ask him how to operate the machine. 我来问他怎样开这机器。
She showed me which button to press. 她教我按哪个按钮。
She couldn't think what to say. 她想不出该说什么。
He taught me how to swim. 他教我怎样游泳。
Have you decided what to do next? 下一步干什么你决定了吗？
You must learn how to be patient. 你必须学会怎样保持耐心。
We have to find out where to buy food cheaply. 我们得打听一下哪里能买到便宜食品。
Do you remember which way to get there? 你记得到那里怎样走吗？
I forgot how to say it in English. 我忘了这话英语怎么说了。
He didn't know whether to laugh or to cry. 他感到啼笑皆非。
She wondered whether to turn left or right. 她不知道该向左拐还是向右拐。
3) 间或还可用这种结构作介词宾语：
He wrote a book on how to protect the environment. 他写了一本关于环保的书。
They were worried about how to find the necessary equipment. 他们为如何找到所需设备而发愁。
Then there is the problem of what courses to offer. 接着就是开些什么课程的问题。
We also had a discussion about what investments to make. 我们还讨论了应作哪些投资。
4) 偶尔可使用一个先行词it作形式上的宾语，而把不定式转放到句子后部去：
I have long had it in mind to answer your letter. 好久以来我一直想回你的信。
She took it on herself to apologize to me. 她亲自来向我道歉。
12.1.5 用不定式构成复合宾语
1) 许多动词可跟一个由“名词（代词）＋不定式”构成的复合宾语：
I asked George to convey my best wishes to his mother. 我请乔治向他母亲问好。
My boss told me to type out two letters. 我的老板让我打两封信。
He likes (wants) the students to eat well. 他愿意学生们吃得好。
He begged her to forgive him. 他恳求她宽恕他。
I expected him to arrive on Saturday. 我估计他星期六到达。
She encouraged me to try again. 她鼓励我再试一次。
They forbade her to leave the country. 他们禁止她出境。
They persuaded him to give up smoking. 他们劝他戒了烟。
They are training these dogs to sniff out drugs. 他们在训练这些犬嗅出毒品。
These glasses enable me to see better. 这副眼镜能使我看得清楚一些。
Please remind me to post this letter. 请提醒我发这封信。□
常见的这类动词有：
2) 有些动词可跟带有to be的复合宾语，如：
I consider him to be the best candidate. 我认为他是最佳候选人。
I supposed him to be away from home. 我想他不在家。
They believed these principles to be universally true. 他们认为这些原则是普遍适用的。
They declared it to be a province of Morocco. 他们宣布这是摩洛哥的一个省。
We discovered him to be quite untrustworthy .我们发现他很不可信赖。
He felt that to be the highest praise. 他感到这是最高的赞美。
