VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.10
She found the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful. 她发现中国人非常幸福愉快。
He judged them to be the best work he had yet done. 他认为它们是他迄今写的最好作品。
I know him to be a liar. 我知道他是个爱说谎的人。
We have shown the story to be false. 我们已表明这种说法是不真实的。
这类动词后的不定式有时可以是完成形式或进行形式，此时的不定式不是be：
His record shows him to have worked hard at school. 他的成绩单表明他上学时很勤奋。
I considered him to have acted disgracefully. 我认为他的表现很可耻。
I judge them to have finished. 我估计他们已经干完了。
They knew the man to have been a spy. 他们知道那人过去当过间谍。
They believed him to be hiding somewhere. 他们认为他躲在什么地方。
3) 跟复合宾语的动词有时可用于被动结构，这时可说形成一种复合谓语：
She was told to wait at the door. 他们让她在门口等着。
You are not expected to work such long hours. 并不指望你工作这么长时间。
This vase is estimated to be 2,000 years old. 这花瓶估计已有两千年的历史。
He is known to be honest. 大家知道他是诚实的。
He was thought to be a great novelist. 他被认为是一位伟大的小说家。
He was asked to testify in Congress. 他被请到国会作证。
He was warned not to go there. 有人警告他不要去那里。
They were forced to pay heavy taxes. 他们被迫交纳重税。
She was forbidden to stay out after midnight. 禁止她午夜后在外逗留。
They were not allowed to form secret societies. 不允许他们秘密结社。
这类结构中的不定式可用完成式或进行式：
He was known to have worked for the French. 大家知道他曾给法国人干过事。
They are believed to have found a cure for cancer. 据信他们发现了一种治疗癌症的方法。
He was rumoured to have married a widow. 谣传他和一个寡妇结了婚。
He is said to have won another gold medal. 据说他又获得一枚金牌。
The allied forces were reported to be pushing towards Berlin. 据报导盟军正在向柏林推进。
They were thought to be hiding in the woods. 人们认为他们躲在树林里。
He is supposed to be washing the car. 此刻他应当在洗车。
She is believed to be living in Tokyo. 据信她现在住在东京。
4) 有些动词可跟由不带to的不定式构成的复合宾语：
Did you see anyone enter the house? 你看见什么人进屋了吗？
I heard her lock the door. 我听见她锁门了。
She won't let me do it. 她不让我做这事。
He made me move the car. 他让我把车移动一下。
We watched the children skip rope. 我们看孩子们跳绳。
Did you notice a man come in? 你注意到有个人进来吗？
I won't have him cheat me like that. 我不会让他这样骗我。
I felt something crawl(ing) up my arm. 我感到有东西顺着我手臂往上爬。
但这类句子变为被动结构时，不定式前要加to：
A child was seen to enter the building. 有人看见一个孩子进了大楼。
She was often heard to sing this song. 人们常常听见她唱这首歌。
He was often made to recite poems in class. 老师经常让他在课堂上背诵诗句。
在listen to和look at后面也可跟这种结构：
He listened to us retell stories. 他听我们复述故事。
Look at the girls dance! 瞧那些女孩子跳舞！
在help后的不定式可加to，也可不加to（美国人不加to时较多），但被动结构中要加to：
I'll help you (to) push the cart. 我来帮你推车。
You'll be helped to fulfil the task. 有人将帮助你完成这项任务。
5) 有些“动词＋介词”结构后也可跟由不定式构成的复合宾语：
He shouted to me to come over. 他喊我过去。
She appealed to women to participate in the struggle. 她呼吁妇女参加这一斗争。
The teacher called on me to answer this question. 老师叫我回答这个问题。
He pleaded with her to go back. 他恳求她回去。
She longed for him to ask her out. 她希望他邀她外出。
I am counting on you to help me through. 我指望你帮我度过难关。
He relied on his subordinate to prepare the report. 他依靠他的下属来准备这份报告。
I depend on you to do it. 我指靠你来办这事。
We hope to prevail upon her to attend the concert. 我们希望劝动她来听音乐会。
She wouldn't care for the man to be her husband. 她不愿意那个男人当她的丈夫。
He waited for it to be light. 她等着天亮。
6) 某些动词后可跟先行词it，借此把构成复合宾语的不定式放在后部：
I find it easy to get on with Jim. 我发现和吉姆相处很容易。
He thought it best to be on his guard. 他认为最好小心提防。
The judge deemed it inadvisable to hear the appeal. 法官认为听取这个上诉不明智。
All this made it hard for her to make a decision. 这一切使她难于作出决定。
He didn't feel it necessary to mention this to her. 他感到没有必要向她提及此事。
She regarded it as important to win the competition. 她认为赢得这场比赛很重要。
Do you think it worthwhile to visit him? 你认为拜访他值得吗？
We don't consider it possible to set back the clock of history. 我们认为要使历史的时针倒转是不可能的。
We consider it our duty to safeguard world peace. 我们认为保卫世界和平是我们的职责。
He made it a rule to walk two miles a day. 他规定自己每天走两英里路。
12.1.6 不定式作定语
1) 不定式常可用来修饰一样东西：
We have a lot of things to do today. 今天我们有很多事要做。
Do you have any suggestions to offer? 你有什么建议要提吗？
I've got two letters to write tonight. 今晚我有两封信要写。
He made a device to make the door shut by itself. 他制作了一个让门自动关闭的装置。
Would you like something to drink? 你想喝点什么吗？
It's a difficult question to answer. 这是个难以回答的问题。
Please give me a book to read. 请给我一本书看。
I'll find you something to eat. 我来给你找点东西吃。
I want a machine to answer the phone. 我要一台电话答录机。
This is not the right attitude to take. 这不是应当采取的正确态度。
It seems to be the only thing to do. 这似乎是唯一可做的事。
We were looking for somewhere to live. 我们在找一个地方住。
I need a case to keep my compact discs. 我需要一个盒子装我的激光唱盘。
There is plenty to do here. 这儿有很多事要做。
不定式有时需用被动形式：
There are a lot of things to be done. 有很多事要做。
He is dead. There's nothing to be done now. 他人已死了，无法可想了。
Where are the things to be taken to her? 要带给她的东西在哪里？
On which page is the question to be answered? 要回答的问题在哪一页？
Are you going to the banquet to be given at the consulate? 你准备参加领事馆举行的宴会吗？
2) 不定式还可用来修饰人：
He was the first guest to arrive. 他是第一个到达的客人。
He was the second man to hear the news. 他是第二个听到这消息的人。
She was the only one to survive the crash. 她是这次空难中唯一的幸存者。
I want someone to talk to. 我想找个人交谈。
Miss Brown was the next person to rise to speak. 布朗小姐是下一个起来发言的人。
He is not a man to bow before difficulties. 他不是一个向困难低头的人。
You're the right person to do this job. 你是做这工作的合适人选。
We need twenty more people to work in the boat. 我们还需要二十个人在船上工作。
You're the only person to complain. 你是唯一抱怨的人。
He was a brave man to do what he did. 他是个勇者才有这样的作为。不定式有时需用被动形式：
She was the first person to be awarded this prize. 她是第一个获得这奖项的人。
He was the second man to be killed this way. 他是第二个这样被杀害的人。
She will be a suitable person to be given this job. 她是适合给予这项工作的人。
He was the only foreigner to be given such an honour. 他是唯一被授予这项荣誉的外国人。
3) 在不少名词后可用不定式作定语：
It's time to go to bed. 该睡觉了。
There's no reason to doubt his word. 没有理由怀疑他的话。
I haven't had a chance to think yet. 我还没有机会思考。
They have now an opportunity to air their views. 现在他们有机会发表各自的看法了。
To scare a bird is not the way to catch it. （谚）吓唬鸟儿不是捕鸟的法子。
There is no need to worry at all. 根本用不着担心。
His efforts to get her back were vain. 他争取她回来的努力都白费了。
Jane expressed a wish to earn her own living. 简表示愿意自谋生计。
He has a tendency to forget things. 他容易忘事。
I have a right to know. 我有权知道。
He has a burning ambition to become famous. 他一心想成名。
4) 有些名词的同根词常跟不定式，因而它也常跟不定式作定语：
I don't trust his promise to come for a visit. 我不相信他来访的诺言。
（比较：He promised to come for a visit.）
He said he had no plans to increase taxes. 他说他没有要增税的计划。
（比较：He didn't plan to increase taxes.）
He made an attempt to stand up. 他试图站起来。
（比较：He attempted to stand up.）
Their offer to assist in the work was not taken seriously. 他们提出协助这项工作并未受到认真对待。
（比较：They offered to assist in the work.）
His decision to resign was welcomed by the Opposition. 他辞职的决定受到反对党的欢迎。
（比较：He decided to resign.）
She persisted in her refusal to go home. 她坚持不肯回家。
（比较：She refused to go home.）
His failure to answer questions made the police suspicious. 他答不出问题使警察产生怀疑。
（比较：He failed to answer questions.）
His ability to get on with people is his chief asset. 他能和人相处是他主要的优点。
（比较：He is able to get on with people.）
Her anxiety to succeed led her to work hard. 她迫切想成功，这促使她努力工作。
（比较：She was anxious to succeed.）
I was surprised at his eagerness to return. 他急切想回去使我感到惊讶。
（比较：He was eager to return.）
In February they announced their willingness to send delegates to the conference. 二月里他们宣布愿意派代表参加会议。
（比较：They were willing to send delegates to the conference.）
They showed a surprising readiness to accept the proposal. 他们表示乐意接受这个建议，这一举动令人吃惊。
（比较：They were ready to accept the proposal.）
5) 有时一个不定式（短语）的作用接近于一个定语从句（大多表示要发生的事）：
That will be the right procedure to follow (=you should follow). 这将是应遵循的正当程序。
Soup, and then steak to follow, please. 请先上汤，然后上牛排。
She was quiet for days to come. 此后许多天她都沉默无语。
That would be a rash step to take. 那可能是一个鲁莽的举动。
They were invited to the dance to take place after the wedding. 他们被邀参加婚礼后的舞会。
Are you going to the banquet to be held on Friday at the embassy? 你要去参加星期五在大使馆举行的宴会吗？
另外,不定式还可以和关系代词which连用作定语：
She must have time in which to pack. 她必须有时间收拾行李。
They would raise some money with which to buy medicines. 他们将筹集一些钱购买药品。
He also had a revolver with which to defend himself. 他还有一把防身用的左轮手抢。
He only had long nights in which to study. 他只有漫漫长夜可用来学习。在个别名词后可用不定式作同位语（说明前面这个词的内容）：
Then came the order to evacuate the city. 接着传来撤出城市的命令。
They had received instructions to watch him. 他们接到指示要监视他。
12.1.7 不定式作状语
不定式作状语的时候很多，主要有下面这几种情况：
1) 用于“be+形容词+不定式式”这种结构：
a. be+表示情绪的形容词+不定式：
She was eager to see her friends. 她急于见到她的朋友们。
I am afraid to tell her. 我很害怕告诉她。
I was sorry to hear that you were ill. 听说你病了我很难过。
Helen was pleased to see him. 海伦见到他很高兴。
I'm proud to be a Chinese. 我为自己是个中国人而骄傲。
She was surprised to see George walk in. 她惊讶地看到乔治走进来。
He was very disappointed to hear it. 听了这话他感到很失望。
I'm ashamed to have to trouble you. 我很惭愧不得不麻烦你。
She was keen to go. 她非常想去。
I shall be glad to help you find a new job. 我将乐于帮你找一份新工作。
b. be+表示状态的形容词+不定式：
I'm not ready to go back to work yet. 我还不准备回去上班。
Gray was prepared to leave the country. 格蕾已准备好出境。
He was determined to teach them a lesson. 他决心给他们一个教训。
She was careful to make no observation. 她很谨慎，不作任何评论。
He was quick to offer his counter-proposal. 他迅速提出反建议。
He was curious to know what was happening in the office. 他好奇地想知道办公室里发生的事。
She's not fit to live by herself. 她不适合一个人住。
She was free to go where she liked. 她想去哪里就可以去哪里。
He was lucky to find such a good job. 他很幸运找到这样好的工作。
c. be+表示品质等的形容词+不定式：
He was brave to act like that. 他这样做很勇敢。
You were right to do what you did. 你这样做是对的。
I was wrong to speak to her about it. 我和她谈及此事是错误的。
You were foolish to act like that. 你这样做很愚蠢。
He was generous to give you so much money. 他很大方，给你这么多钱。
She's interesting to talk to. 和她谈话很有意思。
He was amusing to be with. 和他在一起很有趣。
Rosa will be easy to deal with. 罗莎会很容易对付。
She was hard (difficult) to convince. 她很难说服。
这类句子有时可以表示“物”的名词作主语：
The fruit is not fit to eat. 这种果子不宜食用。
Its seeds are particularly good to eat. 它结的籽特别好吃。
Polyester is easy to iron. 涤纶很容易熨烫。
Do you think the water is safe to drink? 你认为这水喝起来安全吗？
The question is difficult to answer. 这问题很难回答。
2) 不定式可用作状语，表示目的（a）、原因（b）、结果（c）等：
a. A friend of mine came to see me last night. 昨晚有个朋友来看我。
A gentleman stopped to talk to me. 一位先生停下来和我谈话。
We slept together to keep warm. 我们睡在一起以保持暖和。
To do good work, one must have the proper tools. 要干出像样的活得有合适的工具。
As if to remind him, the church clock struck eleven. 仿佛是要提醒他，教堂的钟敲了十一点。
b. I rejoice to hear that you are well again. 听说你痊愈了我很高兴。
She shuddered to think of those days. 想到那些岁月她不寒而栗。
We jumped with joy to hear it. 听到这消息我们都高兴得跳了起来。
To hear him talk in that manner, you would think he's a foreigner. 听他这样讲话你会以为他是外国人。
c. What have I said to make you so angry? 我说了什么话使你这样生气？
The curtains parted, to reveal a market scene. 帷幕拉开，露出一个集市的场景。
He left, never to return. 他走了，再也没回来。
She lived to be 100. 她活到了一百岁。
3) 在许多句型中可用不定式作状语：
He was so careless as to leave his car unlocked. 他如此粗心大意，车门都没锁就走了。
Would you be so good as to forward my letters to me? 劳驾把我的信转给我好吗？
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 悄悄进去，别把宝宝吵醒。
He had sacrificed so much in order to avoid pain. 他牺牲这么大为的是避免痛苦。
His behavior is such as to make his friends angry. 他这样的行为惹恼了他的朋友们。
Would you be good enough to close the door? 可否劳驾关门？
She isn't old enough to travel by herself. 她年纪尚小，不能独自去旅行。
You are too young to understand. 你太年轻不能理解。
It was too late to do anything now. 现在做什么都已为时太晚。
4) 有些不定式可用来修饰整个句子，因而可以称作句子状语(Sentence Adverbial)：
To be honest, I just don't like him. 说实话，我就是不喜欢他。
To be fair (to him), he wasn't entirely to blame. 说良心话，不能全怪他。
To tell you the truth, I've never met him. 说真的，我从来没见过他。
To be frank, you're a bad driver, 坦率地说，你开车技术不行。
To cut a long story short, we said, "No!" 长话短说，我们回绝了。
He's a nice person, to be sure. 毫无疑问，他是一个好人。
To put it in another way, she was sweet-tempered. 换句话说，她脾气非常好。
To begin with, it's too cold. Besides, we've no money. 首先，天太冷；再者我们也没有钱。
12.1.8 不定式作表语
1) 不定式有时可用作表语，说明主语的具体内容：
Her ambition was to be a film star. 她的志向是当电影明星。
Our aim is to make the students' speech comprehensible. 我们的目标是让学生讲的话能被人听懂。
Mary's task is to set the table. 玛丽的任务是摆桌子。
His goal is to be a scientist. 他的目标是当科学家。
My only wish is to do something for the public. 我唯一的愿望是为公众做些事。
The first step will be to get a job in some office. 第一步就是找一份办公室的工作。
The purpose of this meeting is to elect a new captain. 这次会议的目的是选一名新队长。
Your mistake was to sign that letter. 你的错误是签署了那封信。
2) 不定式作表语还可表示其他东西（如目的等）：
This wall is to keep people out of the garden. 这堵墙为的是不让人到花园里来。
The thing now is to get ahead. 当务之急是要取得进展。
The problem was to find the right people for the job. 问题是要找到合适的人来干这工作。
The point is to win at any cost. 要紧的是不惜一切代价取得胜利。
The important thing is not to wrong any person. 重要的是不要冤枉任何人。
All you have to do is to listen. 你只要听着就行了。
My plan was to go from Cornwall to Glasgow. 我的计划是从康沃尔到格拉斯哥。
12.1.9 不定式的完成形式、进行形式和被动形式
1) 不定式的完成形式：
当不定式表示的动作在谓语所表示情况之前发生，就需要用完成形式：
a. I happened to have been there once. 我碰巧到过那里一次。
She seemed to have lost her patience. 她似乎已失去耐心。
You are supposed (ought) to have heard of it. 你应该已听说此事。
b. What a mistake it is to have come here! 来了这里是个多大的错呀！
It would have been amusing to have joined them. 参加了他们的活动会很有意思的。
It was my intention to have stopped there. 在那里停下来是我本来的意图。
c. They claimed to have shot down five planes. 他们声称打下了五架敌机。
She pretended not to have seen him. 她假装没看见他。
I remember to have told you about it. 我记得告诉过你这件事。
d. I am sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦。
He was pleased to have made your acquaintance. 他很高兴认识了你。
He felt ashamed to have done such a thing. 他做了这样的事感到很惭愧。
e. He was known to have worked for the International Olympic Committee. 大家知道他曾为国际奥委会工作过。
They are believed to have discussed the problem. 据信他们曾讨论过这个问题。
She is rumoured to have eloped with a priest. 谣传她和一个牧师私奔了。
这类不定式可以在句中构成谓语（a），充当主语（b）、宾语（c）、状语（d），还可构成另一类复合谓语，即复合宾语的被动结构（e）。
