VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.11
2) 不定式的进行形式：
当不定式表示一个正在进行的动作时需用进行形式：
a. He seemed to be dreaming. 他似乎在做梦。
She happened to be travelling in that area. 她恰好在这个地区旅游。
You ought to be reviewing your lessons now. 你现在应当在复习功课。
b. It's strange to be sleeping in this house again. 真奇怪又要在这屋子里睡觉了。
It's a delightful experience to be touring the lake district. 在湖区旅游是一段愉快的经历。
What a shame (it is) to be wasting your time like that. 把你的时间这样浪费掉真不好意思。
c. The man pretended to be weaving. 那人假装在织布。
I really hope to be working with you. 我的确希望和你们在一起工作。
I hate to be quarrelling with her. 我不愿意和她吵架。
d. I was pleased to be talking with them. 我很高兴和他们在一起谈话。
Are you glad to be going home? 你高兴回家吗？
She was happy to be earning her own living. 她很高兴能自食其力。
e. He is believed to be living in Mexico. 据信他住在墨西哥。
Thousands were reported to be working in concentration camps. 据报导那时有数以千计的人在集中营干活。
He is thought to be hiding in the woods. 人们认为他躲藏在林子里。
间或不定式也可用于完成进行形式：
He appears to have been waiting a long time. 他似乎已等了好长时间。
He pretended to have been studying. 他假装一直在学习。
She is said to have been doing this work for twenty years. 据说她干这工作已二十年了。
3) 不定式的被动形式：
不定式有时需用被动形式：
a. She ought to be praised for her heroic deeds. 她的英勇行为应受赞扬。
The parcel has to be sent by air mail. 这个包裹得寄航空。
The election was due to be held in November. 选举定于十一月举行。
b. It's an honour to be awarded a scholarship. 被颁给奖学金是一种荣耀。
It's just my luck to be caught in the storm. 碰上暴风雨我真倒霉。
It was his good fortune not to have been injured. 他很幸运没受伤。
c. She asked to be given an opportunity to try her method. 她要求给她机会试验她的方法。
They wanted to be better treated. 他们希望受到更好的对待。
He hates to be flattered. 他讨厌受人恭维。
d. These are the major problems to be discussed at the meeting. 这些是会上要讨论的主要问题。
Are you going to the conference to be held in June? 你要去参加六月举行的大会吗？
She was the first one to be asked to speak. 她是第一个被邀请发言的人。
e. She went to the hospital to be inoculated. 她到医院去打预防针。
She left the city, never to be seen again. 她离开了这座城市，再也没人见到过她。
He was sent abroad to be educated. 他被派去国外受教育。
这种不定式可构成谓语（a），也可用作主语（b）、宾语（c）、定语（d）或状语（e）。关于这问题还可参阅第9.4.1节。
12.1.10 不定式的逻辑主语
1) 每个不定式可以有其逻辑主语，它可能是句子的主语或宾语，如：
I had a lot of letters to write. （I是to write的逻辑主语）
I'll give you something to read. （you是to read的逻辑主语）
当句中没有适当的词可作不定式逻辑主语时，可以借助一个由for引导的短语来表示它的逻辑主语：
Here are some books for you to read on the way. 这儿有几本书给你在路上看。
2) 这种短语在句中可以和不定式一道起作用，如：
a. 作主语：
It won't be easy for you to find a new job. 你想找新工作不会很容易。
It isn't right for people to marry for money. 人们为金钱结婚是不对的。
For an old man to run fast is dangerous. 老年人快跑是危险的。
b. 作定语：
It's time for you to reconsider your decision. 现在是你重新考虑你的决定的时候了。
There's no reason for us to doubt his words. 我们没有理由怀疑他的话。
It's a good opportunity for us to exchange our experience. 这是我们交流经验的好机会。
c. 作状语：
He stood aside for her to pass. 他站到一边让她过去。
Please do send for Mummy to come too. 请一定派人把妈妈也叫来。
Her circumstances had never been good enough for her hopes to be realized.她的境况从来没有好到使她的希望成为现实。
d. 作表语：
The simplest thing is for him to resign at once. 最简单的办法是他马上辞职。
What I want is for you to talk to Lanny. 我希望的是你和兰尼谈一谈。
It's for you to decide what we should do next. 得由你来决定我们下一步该做什么。
3) 在少数情况下可用of引导的短语，表示不定式的逻辑主语：
It was kind of you (You were kind) to help us. 难得你好心帮助我们。
It was silly of you (You are silly) to trust such a man. 你太愚蠢竟然信赖这样一个人。
It was selfish of him not to do anything for the orphans. 他很自私不愿为孤儿们做任何事。
It was generous of you to contribute so much money. 你很大方捐出这么多钱。
It's unfair of him to say such things about her. 他说她这样的话是不公道的。
It was annoying of him to damage my car. 他损坏了我的车让人生气。
只有那些作表语的形容词能修饰人时，才能在不定式前用of引导的短语，否则还是应当用for引导的短语来表示不定式的逻辑主语。
12.1.11 关于不定式结构的一些问题
1) 不定式的省略：
为了避免重复，有时不定式中的主要动词可以省略，只剩下to：
Would you like to come with us？——Yes, I'd love to. 你愿意和我们一道去吗？ ——愿意。
Did you get a ticket？——No, I tried to, but there weren't any left. 你买到票了吗？ ——没有，我去买过，但都卖光了。
Do you often play bridge？——I used to, but not now. 你经常打桥牌吗？ ——过去常打，但现在不打了。
Have you cleaned the windows？——No, but I'm just going to. 你擦窗子了吗？ ——没有，不过我正要去擦。
I wanted to get in touch with her but wasn't able to. 我想和她联系，但没能联系上。
You can go if you want to. 你如果想去可以去。
You don't know her? You ought to. 你不认识她？你该认识她的。
Will you join me in a walk？——I'd be glad to. 你愿意和我一道去散散步吗？——好呀。
在个别情况下to可保留，也可一道省略：
He says he will come as soon as he has got a chance (to). 他说他一有机会就来。
They won't encourage you to do it even if you have the time (to). 他们不会鼓励你这样做，即使你有时间（这样做）。
She may go if she likes (to). 她如果想去可以去。
在用不定式作表语时，to有时也可省略，如：
All I did was (to) press the button. 我只是按了一下电钮。
What you have to do is (to) fill in the questionaire. 你所要做的是把问卷填好。
在used to，be going to，mean to，ought to，try to，plan to等结构后，当不定式省略时，to通常是保留的。
2) 并列的不定式：
当有两个或更多不定式并列使用时，通常只在第一个不定式前加to， 在后面的不定式前to常省略：
We ought to read more and have more practice. 我们应多读多练习。
She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back. 她让我们留在家里等她回来。
I'd like to stay with you, help you and learn from you. 我愿意留在你身边，帮助你并向你学习。
但如果二者有对比关系，每个不定式前都应带to：
To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败也比不尝试好。
He hasn't decided whether to quit or to stay. 他还没决定是去还是留。
To go or not to go, it's a question. 去还是不去是一个问题。
3) 分裂不定式：
有时to和后面的动词间可插入一个副词：
They have started a drive to further improve the miners' working conditions.他们开始作一番努力来进一步改善矿工们的工作条件。
He was too ill to really carry out his duty. 他病得太重，不能切实履行他的职责。
He likes to half close his eyes. 他喜欢半闭着眼睛。
Mother asks you to kindly come over to see us tonight. 妈妈请你今晚劳驾到我们家来一趟。
这称为分裂不定式(Split Infinitive)，这种用法在口语中最好避免。如可能，可以把副词放后面去，如to completely cover the floor可改为to cover the floor completely，to unduly alarm people可改为to alarm people unduly。
4) 在个别情况下，可用不定式构成或引导一个句子：
a. 不带to的不定式：
Why bother? 干吗费这个事？
Why worry about such trifles? 干吗为这些小事烦心？
Why not wait for a couple more days? 干吗不再等上一两天？
Why not do it right now? 干吗不现在就干？
b. 带to的不定式：
To think he would come to anything like that! 没想到他竟是这样的下场！
And to think that I trusted him! 没想到我竟然信任了他！
To think of his not knowing anything about it! 没想到他对此竟一无所知！
12.2 动名词的用法
12.2.1 动名词概说
动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时，称为动名词，动名词在句中可以：
1) 用作主语：
Dancing bored him. 跳舞使他厌烦。
2) 用作表语：
Her hobby is collecting stamps. 她的爱好是集邮。
3) 用作宾语：
Please stop talking. 请不要说话了。
4) 用作介词宾语：
He was arrested for smuggling. 他因走私而被捕。
5) 构成合成词：
Who won the singing contest? 歌咏比赛谁赢了？
还可用在下面这类句子中：
No smoking. 禁止吸烟。
No loitering. 不许在此逗留。
No spitting. 禁止吐痰。
No parking. 禁止泊车。
作为动词，它也有几种形式：
它也可以有它的宾语（a）或状语（b）：
a. He was fond of playing tennis. 他喜欢打网球。
b. She is thinking of going home this summer. 她想今年夏天回家。
它还可以用一个代词或名词所有格表示其逻辑上的主语：
He disliked her working late. 他不喜欢她工作到很晚。
用名词所有格显得比较文气，在口语中常把's省略掉：
I don't remember my mother's talking about it. （较文气的说法）
I don't remember my mother talking about it. （较口语化的说法）
有些动名词已变得接近名词或已变成名词，它们可有复数形式（a），前面可加冠词（b），甚至有定语修饰（c）：
a. Dickens often gave readings of his works. 狄更斯常常朗读自己的作品。
b. Who did the cooking? 谁做的饭？
c. I always enjoy a little light reading. 我一向喜欢读点轻松的东西。
这些可称为名词化动名词（Verbal Nouns）。有些以-ing结尾的词已完全变成名词：
He could not analyze his feelings. 他没法分析自己的感情。
Take good care of your belongings. 注意保管好你的东西。
12.2.2 动名词作主语和表语
1) 动名词可用作主语：
Reading French is easier than speaking it. 阅读法文比讲法语容易。
Talking to him is talking to a wall. 和他说话等于对牛弹琴。
Finding work is difficult these days. 现今找工作不容易。
Smoking may cause cancer. 吸烟会致癌。
Walking is my sole exercise. 散步是我唯一的运动。
To her, windsurfing is too dangerous. 在她看来冲浪太危险。
Growing roses is her hobby. 种玫瑰是她的爱好。
Gambling is forbidden in our country. 我国禁止赌博。
Sailing a boat is great fun. 驾驶帆船很有意思。
Talking mends no holes. （谚）空谈无济于事。
2) 有时可用先行词it作主语，而把动名词主语放到句子后部去，作表语的可以是形容词（a），也可以是名词（b）：
a. It's nice seeing you again. 再次见到你太好了。
It's hopeless arguing about it. 争辩这事没有用。
Is it worthwhile quarrelling with her? 和她吵架值得吗？
It was pleasant and comfortable sitting there. 坐在那里惬意舒适。
It was tiring driving from morning till night. 从早到晚开车很累人。
b. It's a wonder meeting you here. 在这里碰到你真是奇迹。
It's no good coming before that. 在那之前来没有用。
It's no use asking me. I don't know any more than you do. 问我没用，我知道的不比你多。
It's been a lot of fun staying here. 住在这里很有意思。
It was a waste of time reading that book. 看那本书是浪费时间。
3)“There is＋no”后可以用动名词作主语，表示“没法…”：
There was no knowing what he could do. 他能做什么很难说。
There was no telling when this might happen again. 没法预料这样的事什么时候会再发生。
He's selfish, there's no denying it. 他很自私，这是不可否认的。
There was no arguing with her. 没法和她争论。
There was no mistaking in his intention. 他的意图不可能看错。
4) 动名词还可用作表语：
Her hobby is painting. 她的爱好是绘画。
Their pastime is going to movies. 他们的消遣是看电影。
Her favorite sport is skiing. 她最喜欢的运动是滑雪。
One of her duties is keeping the department files. 她的任务之一是管理部门的档案。
His favorite occupation is fishing. 他最喜欢的活动是钓鱼。
Their major amusement is raising pigeons. 他们的主要消遣是养鸽子。
Her job was tending the sheep. 她的工作是放羊。
Seeing is believing. （谚）眼见为实。
12.2.3 动名词作宾语
1) 有许多动词可用动名词作宾语：
I suggested bringing the meeting to an end. 我建议结束会议。
He admitted taking the money. 他承认钱是他拿的。
Do you enjoy teaching? 你喜欢教书吗？
Avoid over-eating. 要避免暴食。
Fancy meeting you! 真想不到在这里碰到你！
I couldn't help laughing. 我禁不住笑了起来。
He considered going to see Paul in person. 他考虑亲自去见保罗。
I detest looking at snakes. 我讨厌看蛇。
I dread going to big parties. 我害怕参加大型晚会。
He loves playing the piano. 他爱弹钢琴。
I like travelling very much. 我非常喜欢旅行。
I hate lying and cheating. 我讨厌撒谎欺骗。
It has stopped raining. 雨已经停了。
I finished reading the book last night. 这书我昨晚看完了。
He kept complaining. 他不停地抱怨。
I couldn't risk missing the train. 我不能冒搭不上火车的危险。
They're practising singing the new song. 他们在练习唱新歌。
He denied making any statement to that effect. 他否认作过这种内容的声明。
So you prefer living abroad? 这样说你更愿意住在国外？
He proposed founding a school there. 他建议在那里建一所学校。
I advised taking a different approach. 我建议采取另一种处理办法。
She continued watching me. 她继续瞧着我。
He loathed travelling by air. 他讨厌坐飞机。
Would you mind moving your car? 劳驾把车挪一下行吗？
To raise wages means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着提高购买力。
He didn't recall saying it. 他不记得说过这话。
Do you recollect meeting her? 你还记得见过她吗？
He never can resist making a joke. 他总是禁不住要说笑话。
The garden needs watering. 花园需要浇水。
Your coat wants brushing. 你的大衣需要刷一下。
2) 许多成语动词也可以用动名词作宾语：
He has given up playing football. 他现在不踢足球了。
They will put off doing it until next year. 他们将推迟到明年再做此事。
Even then she carried on talking. 即使在那时，她还继续谈话。
Prices keep on increasing. 物价不断上涨。
Ned left off talking about the firm. 奈德不再谈公司的事。
She waved to me and went on sketching. 她向我挥挥手，又接着画素描。
He burst out crying like a child. 他像小孩一样突然哭了起来。
She decided to cut out smoking. 她决定戒烟。
在（be） worth后也可跟动名词作宾语：
His suggestion is worth considering. 他的建议值得考虑。
It's worth making an effort. 这值得作一番努力。
That's worth watching, isn't it? 那值得一看，对吧？
New York is a city worth visiting. 纽约是一座值得一看的城市。
3) 有些动词后可以用动名词作宾语，也可以用不定式作宾语，有时两者意思不同，如：
4) 有时两种结构只有细微的差别，例如在like，love，prefer，hate，dread等动词之后，动名词多表示一般情况，不定式多表示即将发生的事：
有时两者可以换用，意思上没有差别：
He hated thinking (to think) about it. 他不愿想这件事。
She loves having (to have) lots of young men round her. 她喜欢周围有许多青年男子。
I like reading (to read) detective stories. 我喜欢看侦探小说。
She prefers living (to live) among the office workers. 她宁愿生活在上班族中间。
5) 在begin，start，intend，continue和cease后跟动名词或不定式都可以，有时意思上没什么差别，例如：
It has started raining (to rain). 开始下雨了。
The band began playing (to play). 乐队开始演奏。
He intended coming (to come) back soon. 他打算不久就回来。
She continued working (to work) as if nothing had happened. 她继续干活，好像什么也没发生似的。
They ceased talking (to talk) and I began reading. 他们停止了交谈，我开始看书。
有时有点细微的差别，在begin，start和cease后，不定式多表示情况发生变化（a），而动名词表示有意识地开始或停止（a）：
a. Suddenly it started to rain. 天突然下起雨来。
Philip began to cry. 菲利浦哭了起来。
The matter has ceased to be a mystery to us. 这事对我们不再是个谜。
b. Then the little girl started singing. 这时那小姑娘开始唱歌。
We began making preparations for the trip. 我们开始做旅行的准备。
The factory has ceased making bicycles. 该厂已停止生产自行车。
在以-ing结尾的动词后不宜再用动名词，以避免-ing的重复：
He was beginning to miss her. 他开始惦记她。
It's starting to rain. 天开始下起雨来。
12.2.4 动名词作介词的宾语
1) 有许多由介词构成的成语动词后可以跟动名词作宾语：
She insisted on writing at once. 她坚持马上就写。
Why do you persist in writing such things? 你为什么老要写这样的东西？
Robbie couldn't keep from laughing. 罗比禁不住笑了起来。
They objected to leaving the motel. 他们反对离开这家汽车旅馆。
He thought of writing to her. 他考虑给她写信。
The young man dreamed of becoming a surgeon. 这个小伙子一心想成为一名外科医生。
I've always believed in being broad-minded. 我一向主张宽宏大量。
The plant must aim at increasing production. 工厂必须努力增加生产。
Andrew set about writing his report. 安德鲁着手写他的报告。
I don't feel like going to the movie. 我不想去看电影。
She succeeded in making a most favourable impression. 她成功地给人留下非常好的印象。
Please refrain from smoking during the performance. 演出时请勿吸烟。
Goodness consists in being honest. 善良主要在于诚实。
He never complained about working overtime. 他从不抱怨加班加点。
He was so poor that he resorted to stealing. 他穷得只能去偷。
She was looking forward to leaving the hospital wards. 她盼望离开医院病房。
2) 还有不少“be+形容词+介词”的结构后也常可用动名词作宾语：
Are you interested in going with us? 你有兴趣跟我们一道去吗？
I was afraid of making them uneasy. 我怕使他们感到不安。
He was fond of speaking French. 他很喜欢讲法语。
She is awfully good at looking after people. 她很会照顾人。
He wasn't keen on buying a car. 他并不急着想买车。
I was angry about missing the film. 没看上这部片子我很生气。
He was excited at hearing the news. 听了这消息他很激动。
We were surprised at finding the house empty. 发现房子里空无一人我们感到惊讶。
Who is responsible for locking up the school? 谁负责给学校锁门？
I'm tired of thinking about it. 想这事我已经想烦了。
He was not accustomed to associating with such people. 他不习惯于和这类人来往。
He is quite capable of neglecting his duty. 他很有可能失职。
I'm used to dealing with matters of this sort. 处理这种事我已经习惯了。
I'm sick of hearing you talk like that. 我烦听你这样说话。
I'm fed up with talking to you. 和你谈话我都谈烦了。
