VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.13
There is a bus coming (＝which is coming) up. 一辆公共汽车正开过来。
He was woken up by a bell ringing (＝which was ringing). 他被铃声惊醒。
在把分词短语改为定语从句时，从句谓语可以是一个一般时态的动词（a），也可以是一个进行时态的动词（b），这从上面的例句中可以看出。
12.3.4 现在分词构成复合结构
1) 现在分词可在某些动词后面构成复合宾语：
I see him passing my house every day. 我看见他天天从我房前走过。
Did you hear the clock striking? 你听见钟敲响吗？
I smelt something burning. 我闻到有东西烧糊了。
He watched them rehearsing the play. 他看他们排戏。
She caught them stealing her apples. 她撞见他们偷她的苹果。
I found a man standing at the door. 我发现门口站着一个人。
I could feel the wind blowing on my face. 我能感到风迎面吹来。
She noticed him carrying a bag. 她注意到他提着一个包。
He kept them working all day. 他让他们整天干活。
She soon had them all laughing. 她很快就让他们都笑了。
My clumsy mistake set all the girls giggling. 我愚蠢的错误使姑娘们都咯咯地笑了。
His letter left me feeling pretty humble. 他的信使我感到自己很卑微。
This news started me thinking. 这消息使我深思。
在listen to和look at后也可跟这种复合宾语：
I listened to the band playing in the park. 我听乐队在公园里演奏。
Just look at the rain pouring down! 瞧这倾盆大雨！
在某些动词后，复合宾语可由现在分词或不带to的不定式构成，表示动作正在进行时用现在分词，表示动作完成时用不定式，试比较下面句子：
有时两者都可以用：
2) 上述结构很多可变为被动形式，这时句中可说包含了一个复合谓语：
He was found lying on the floor. 有人发现他躺在地上。
She was often heard humming this song. 人们常听见她哼这首歌。
He was seen sitting in a cafe. 有人看见他坐在一家咖啡馆里。
I have been kept waiting for over an hour. 让我等了一个多钟头。
The man was caught selling drugs. 那人卖毒品时被当场抓住。
The papers were left lying around. 文件散落了一地。
3) 有些介词后有时也可以跟包含现在分词的复合宾语：
This is a picture of an old woman kneeling in a temple. 这张画画的是一位老太太在庙里跪拜。
He was like an old tree blossoming again. 他就像古树又开了花。
The story is about several boys hunting for treasure in the mountains. 这故事讲的是几个男孩去深山寻宝。
The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing. 天气晴朗，不时吹来阵阵清风。
I can't move about in the city without everybody knowing. 在这座城市我的行踪无法不让大家知道。
4) 下面这类“名（代）词＋现在分词”结构也可说是一种复合宾语：
I can't imagine Grandma riding a motor-bike. 我想象不出奶奶骑摩托车的样子。
I can't stop him talking to the press. 我无法阻止他和新闻界谈话。
I remember him (my father) telling me about it. 我记得他（我父亲）曾告知我此事。
Excuse me not having come earlier. 原谅我没早一点来。
He objected to people working for such low wages. 他反对人们为这么低的工资干活。
He insisted upon a second message being sent. 他坚持再发一份电报。
I should ask you instead of you asking me. 是我该问你而不是你问我。
12.3.5 现在分词作状语
1) 在某些动词（a）或复合谓语（b）后可用现在分词（短语）作状语：
a. He spent a lot of money modernizing the house. 他花了很多钱，把房子搞得很新潮。
We wasted a whole afternoon trying to repair the car. 我们试着修车浪费了整个下午。
She's going shopping this afternoon. 她今天下午要去购物。
The boy came running into the house. 男孩跑进屋来。
He rode away whistling. 他吹着口哨骑车走了。
Sophia sat waiting on the sofa in the sitting-room. 索菲娅坐在客厅沙发上等着。
I stood watching her, not knowing what to do. 我站着看着她，不知如何是好。
She was lying in bed crying. 她躺在床上哭。
He pretends to busy himself writing. 他假装忙着写东西。
Some left the hall still weeping. 有些人离开大厅时还在哭泣。
The manager approached us smiling. 经理笑着走近我们。
He ran out of the house shouting. 他喊叫着跑了出来。
b. The girls are busy making artificial flowers. 姑娘们在忙着做纸花。
She was in the kitchen preparing supper. 她在厨房做晚饭。
Many vehicles there are idle awaiting repairs. 许多车辆停在那里等候修理。
Over 20,000 people were there watching the football match. 有两万多人在那里观看足球赛。
Thousands of people were gathered at the airport cheering the visiting president. 数以千计的人聚集在机场向来访的总统欢呼。
The students were assembled in the school hall celebrating the occasion.小学生们聚集在礼堂里庆祝这个日子。
Have you been around seeing places? 你去附近参观了什么地方没有？
2) 在不少情况下，现在分词（短语）可表示一个同时发生的次要的（或者说伴随的）动作，这时常有一个逗号把它和句子的主要部分分开，分词短语可以放在句首（a），也可放在后部（b），间或插在中间（c）：
a. Opening the drawer, he took out a box. 他打开抽屉，拿出一个盒子。
Taking off our shoes, we crept along the passage. 我们脱下鞋沿通道慢慢潜行。
Following Tom, they started to climb. 他们跟着汤姆开始往上爬。
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. 他从口袋里掏出钥匙开了门。
Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities. 我们坐吉普车旅行，参观了许多城市。
b. She went out, slamming the door. 她走了出去，砰的一声把门关上。
He fired, wounding one of the bandits. 他开枪打伤了一个匪徒。
Mary walked round the town, looking at the sights. 玛丽在城里转悠观景。
Please fill in this form, giving your name, address, etc. 请把这份表填一下，写下你的姓名、住址等。
I got home, feeling very tired. 我到了家，感觉非常疲劳。
c. Those youngsters, shouldering spades and hoes, left merrily for the fields.那些年轻人扛着铁锹和锄头，高高兴兴下地去。
An old peasant, bringing his own food, volunteered as guide for us. 一位老农自带干粮要给我们当向导。
一般说来，现在分词表示的是句子主语的动作，换句话说，句子主语也是分词的逻辑主语。
3) 分词短语有时表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句，可以放在前面（a）、后面（b）或中间（c）：
a. Being a student (=As he was a student), he was naturally interested in museums. 由于他是学生，他自然对博物馆很感兴趣。
Not knowing her address (=As we didn't know...), we couldn't get in touch with her. 因为我们不知道她的地址，没法和她联系。
Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. 因为没见有人在家，她决定给他们留一个条。
Calling early, I found him at home. 因为去得早，我在他家找到了他。
b. They sent us an open letter, hoping to get our support. 他们寄给我们一封公开信，希望得到我们的支持。
They went on with their struggle, thinking theirs was a just cause. 他们继续斗争，认为他们的事业是正义的。
He never went out in daylight, fearing that the police would recognize him.他白天从不出去，害怕警察会认出他来。
c. Many of us, being so excited, could not go to sleep that night. 那一晚上，我们中有很多人激动得都没睡着。
The doctor, not wishing to alarm her, didn't tell her how serious her conditionwas. 医生不想让她惊慌，没告诉她病情有多么严重。
4) 分词短语还可表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，这有三种情况：
a. 表示一个动作一发生，另一个动作则随即发生（相当于when引导的从句）：
Turning around (＝When she turned around), she saw an ambulance driving up. 她转过身，看见一辆救护车开了过来。
Hearing the news (＝When they heard the news), they all jumped with joy. 听到这消息，他们都高兴得跳起来。
Arriving at the worksite, he found them busy laying bricks. 到达工地时，他看见他们在忙着砌砖。
Returning home, he began writing a melody for it. 回到家里，他开始给它谱曲。
b. 表示在做某事的过程中，发生某事或做某事，这时前面仍保留连词when和while：
They got engaged when travelling in Europe. 他们在欧洲旅行时订了婚。
We wear plimsolls when doing physical exercises at school. 我们在学校运动时都穿帆布球鞋。
Don't mention this while talking to him. 和他谈话时别提这事。
She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing. 她在北京开会时认识了他们。
c. 表示上述情况时有也不带连词when或while：
Coming (＝While he was coming) down the mountain, he met Tom on the way. 他在下山路上碰到了汤姆。
Jim hurt his arm (while) playing tennis. 吉姆打网球时手臂受了伤。
The man slipped and fell (when) getting off the bus. 那人下车时一滑摔倒了。
Reading my newspaper, I heard the doorbell ring. 看报纸时我听见门铃响了。
5) 分词短语偶尔也可表示结果：
Her husband died in 1960, leaving her with 5 children. 她丈夫死于1960年，给她留下了五个孩子。
They opened fire, killing one of our patrolmen. 他们开枪打死了我们一个巡逻兵。
The snow lasted a week, resulting in a serious traffic confusion in the whole area. 雪下了一星期，造成整个地区严重的交通混乱。
有些表示状态或条件的从句，可以省略一些词，只剩下现在分词和连词一道构成状语：
He turned round from time to time as if (he was) searching for someone. 他不时转身望望，仿佛在找什么人似的。
She paused for a while as though (she was) waiting for a reply. 她停了一会儿，好像在等候回答。
If (you're) travelling north, you must change at Leeds. 如果是向北走，你得在利兹换车。
Unless (you are) paying by credit card, please pay in cash. 除非你用信用卡付款，否则请付现金。
12.3.6 关于现在分词短语结构的几个问题
1) 现在分词的完成形式：
现在分词有时需用完成形式，说明它表示的动作在主要谓语表示的动作之前发生，这类短语或是作时间状语（a），或是作原因状语（b）：
a. Having found a hotel, they began to look for a restaurant. 找到旅馆之后，他们就开始找餐馆。
Having reviewed his lessons, he went to bed. 他复习完功课就睡觉了。
Having got our tickets, we drove to the airport to board the plane. 买到机票之后，我们就开车到机场登机。
Having sent the children to school, she got ready to go to work. 送孩子们上学之后，她就准备去上班。
b. Having been ill for two weeks, she felt rather weak. 由于病了两周，她感到身体很虚弱。
Having lived there for some time, she knew the place quite well. 她在那里住过一段时间，因此对那地方很熟悉。
Having invited so many people, we had to prepare sufficient food. 既然请了那么多人，我们就得准备足够的食物。
Not having got an answer, I decided to write him another letter. 由于没收到回音，我决定再给他写一封信。
2) 独立结构：
有时现在分词可以有自己的逻辑主语，称之为独立结构（Absolute Con-struction）：
The day being fine (＝As the day was fine), we decided to go swimming. 由于天气晴朗，我们决定去游泳。
It being a holiday (＝As it was a holiday), all the shops were shut. 由于这天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
We're playing golf this afternoon—weather permitting (＝if the weather permits). 要是天气允许，我们今天下午去打高尔夫球。
We explored the caves, Peter acting as guide. 由彼得当向导，我们探察了那些洞穴。
There being ice on the road, I told the driver to slow down. 路上有冰，我让司机开慢点。
3) 现在分词构成句子状语：
现在分词一般表示句子主语的动作，但作句子状语（说明说话人的看法）时，则情况不是这样：
Strictly speaking, that school is not very old. 严格地说，那所学校不算很古老。
Broadly speaking, adjectives are words that qualify nouns. 广义地说，形容词是修饰名词的词。
I think, personally speaking, it's a good idea. 就我个人来说，我认为这是个好主意。
Judging by his testimonials, I think he will suit the post. 从他的推荐信看，我认为他适合这项工作。
He leads a very active life, considering his age. 考虑到他的年纪，他的生活是很活跃的。
Supposing he can't come, who will do the work? 假如他来不了，谁来干这活？
这类状语也可称为独立成分（Independent Element）。
12.4 过去分词的用法
12.4.1 过去分词概说
过去分词在句中可以：
1) 构成谓语：
a. 和have一道构成完成时态或非谓语动词的完成形式：
I haven't been out much recently. 我最近没太出门。
I knew you had been busy. 我知道你一直很忙。
I'm sorry not to have given you enough help. 对不起没给你足够的帮助。
Having read the instructions, she snatched up the fire extinguisher. 看完说明书之后，她抓起了灭火器。
b. 和be一道构成被动语态或非谓语动词的被动形式：
The letter has been opened! 信被人拆开了！
The children were well looked after. 孩子们受到很好的照顾。
He ought to have been told about it. 这事早该告诉他的。
He was said to have been arrested. 据说他被捕了。
2) 用作表语：
I am awfully worried. Daddy is ill. 我很着急，我爸爸病了。
3) 用作定语：
She had a worried look on her face. 她满面愁容。
4) 构成复合宾语：
She wanted the work finished by Friday. 她要求这工作星期五前完成。
5) 作状语：
Aroused by the crash, he leapt to his feet. 他被撞击声惊醒，一跃站起身来。
过去分词只有一种形式，在大多数情况下都有被动的意思。
12.4.2 过去分词作表语
1) 过去分词作表语的时候很多（其中有很多已变成形容词）：
He was amazed and enchanted at the sight. 看到这景象他感到惊异着迷。
She was annoyed at your saying that. 你这样讲她很不高兴。
We were so bored that we couldn't help yawning. 我们厌烦得要命，禁不住打起了呵欠。
She felt confused, even frightened. 她感到困惑不解，甚至很惊恐。
I'm convinced that what you said is quite right. 我相信你说的话很对。
They were very pleased with the girl. 他们很喜欢这姑娘。
His clothes were covered with dust. 他的衣服上尽是尘土。
I'm disappointed with you. 我对你很失望。
He was astonished to see his father. 他看到他父亲时很吃惊。
I'm afraid I'm slightly drunk. 可能我有一点醉了。
Personally, I'm extremely satisfied. 就我个人来说我感到极为满意。
I was touched by his sincerity. 他的诚恳使我很感动。
We were delighted to receive your letter. 收到你的信我们很高兴。
They were thrilled (excited) at the suggestion. 听了这建议他们非常激动。
He is not interested in research. 他对研究工作没兴趣。
We are all involved, whether you like it or not. 不管你愿不愿意，我们都已卷了进去。
I'm obliged to you for all you've done for us. 我很感激你为我们所做的一切。
How long have you been married? 你结婚多久了？
The couple were devoted to each other. 这对夫妻十分恩爱。
2) 这种结构和被动语态是有差别的，“be+表语”结构表示一种状态，而被动语态表示一个动作，试比较下面句子：
be+表语结构（表示状态） 被动结构（表示动作）
* * *
* * *
The shop is closed now. 商店已关门。 It's usually closed at 8 o'clock. 它通常8点关门。
The window is broken. 窗子破了。 It was broken by Tim. 是蒂姆打破的。
The town is surrounded by hills. 该城四面环山。 Soon they were surrounded by bandits.不久他们被匪徒包围了。
He Was (Is) Wounded In The Leg. 他腿受了伤。 They Were Wounded During The Battle.他们在战斗中受了伤。
The room is (was) deserted. 房间里空无一人。 She has been deserted by her husband.她被丈夫遗弃了。
The new railway is not completed yet.新的铁路还没建成。 It'll be completed next spring. 它将于明年春天建成。
“be+表语”结构都包含be或其他系动词加过去分词，而被动结构必须与其相应的主动结构在时态上一致。例如右边例句的主动结构（Tim broke the window./Her husband has deserted her./They will complete the railway.）和它们在时态上是一致的。
12.4.3 过去分词作定语
1) 有很多过去分词可用作定语，特别是表示情绪的词：
Mr. Knight gave a satisfied smile. 奈特先生满意地笑了笑。
She threw me a quick, frightened glance. 她迅速而惊恐地看了我一眼。
The worried look deepened upon her face. 她脸上的愁容加重了。
She had a pleased look on her face. 她脸上现出高兴的神情。
Martin's confused sorrows turned to optimism. 马丁烦乱的悲哀情绪转而变成了乐观情绪。
His embarrassed manner increased her doubt. 他尴尬的态度增加了她的怀疑。
He didn't noticed the surprised (astonished) look on her face. 他没有注意到她脸上惊讶的表情。
She could hear his agitated voice. 她可以听到他激动的声音。
His face wore a puzzled expression. 他脸上有一种困惑的表情。
2) 还有许多其它的过去分词可用作定语：
printed matter 印刷品
a written report 书面报告
guided missile 导弹
armed forces 武装力量
cooked food 熟食
boiled water 开（过的）水
frozen food 冷冻食品
canned food 罐头食品
smoked fish 熏鱼
fried eggs 煎鸡蛋
condensed milk 炼乳
dried fruit 果干
finished products 成品
classified document 机密文件
required courses 必修课
united front 统一战线
animated cartoons 动画片
furnished rooms 有家具的房间
a forced smile 勉强的笑容
mixed feelings 混杂的情绪
3) 还有许多由过去分词构成合成形容词：
air-conditioned rooms 有空调的房间
a simply-furnished apartment 一套陈设简单的房间
half-finished products 半成品
a hand-operated pump 手摇泵
a well-dressed woman 穿着讲究的女子
hand-made goods 手工制品
closed-circuit TV 闭路电视
a cautiously-worded statement 措辞谨慎的声明
strongly motivated students 学习动力很强的学生
4) 绝大多数过去分词都有被动的意思，有少部分过去分词却不然，而带有完成的意思：
the risen sun (=the sun that has an exploded bomb (=a bomb that has
just risen) 初升的太阳
exploded) 爆炸了的炸弹
faded flowers 萎谢的花
vanished jewels 消失了的珠宝
faded flowers 萎谢的花
vanished jewels 消失了的珠宝
returned students 归国留学生
a retired professor 退休的教授
escaped prisoners 逃犯
departed friends 离去的朋友
fallen leaves 落叶
abdicated emperor 退位的皇帝
his deceased wife 他的亡妻
new arrived visitors 新到的客人
swollen eyes 肿胀的眼睛
a dated map 过时的地图
5) 有些过去分词短语跟在所修饰词后面， 作用接近于一个定语从句：
What's the language spoken (＝that is spoken) in that country? 那个国家讲的是什么语言？
Is there anything planned for tonight ? 今晚有什么活动吗？
They're problems left over by history. 它们是历史遗留下来的问题。
Suddenly there appeared a young woman dressed in green. 突然出现一个穿绿衣服的青年女子。
This is something unheard of in history. 这时史无前例的事。
In the end the program offered by Wilson was adopted. 最后威尔逊提出的计划通过了。
The conference suggested by the Czar was held in Hague. 沙皇建议的会议在海牙召开了。
The play put on by the teachers was a big success. 老师们表演的戏很成功。
6) 间或跟在名词后的可能是一个单一的过去分词，而不是短语：
They didn't allow us to make the alterations suggested. 他们不允许我们根据建议进行修改。
The experience gained will be of great value to us. 取得的经验对我们将有重大价值。
The designers decided to change the materials used. 设计者决定改变所用的材料。
The man concerned was her husband. 有关者即是她的丈夫。
Is there anybody injured? 有人受伤了吗？
Do you know the number of books ordered? 你知道订购的书有多少？
