VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.14
She liked all the courses offered. 她对所开的课程都很喜欢。
How much time is there left? 还剩下多少时间？
7) 作定语的过去分词常指已经完成的动作，若要表示现在正在进行的动作，要用过去分词的进行形式，也就是现在分词的被动形式：
We must keep a secret of the things being discussed (＝which are being discussed) here. 我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。
What do you think of the summit meeting being held in Vienna? 你对正在维也纳召开的峰会有什么看法？
I knew nothing about the experiment being conducted there. 我对在那里进行的试验一无所知。
12.4.4 过去分词构成复合宾语
1) 在某些动词后可用过去分词构成复合宾语：
We'll get her X-rayed. 我们要给她透视。
I've recently had my appendix removed. 我最近把盲肠割了。
Have you ever heard a song sung in Japanese? 你听过用日语唱的歌吗？
Rarely had I seen him so worked-up. 我很少见他这样激动过。
He watched the bed carried out of the door. 他看着床被搬出屋去。
We all wished the problem settled. 我们都希望这问题得到解决。
She didn't want her daughter taken out after dark. 她不希望天黑后女儿被带出门。
He felt a great weight taken off his mind. 他感到心头如释重负。
Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open. （谚）少说多看。
The scents made her drunk. 这些气味使她陶醉。
How would you like your hair cut? 你喜欢把头发剪成什么式样？
He found the house deserted. 他发现房子里空无一人。
At 4:30 p.m. the chairman declared the session closed. 下午四点半主席宣布闭会。
He acknowledged himself defeated. 他承认自己被打败了。
We do consider ourselves justified in doing so. 我们的确认为我们这样做是有道理的。
2) 介词with后有时也可以跟这类复合宾语：
He sat with his arms clasped round his knees. 他双手抱膝坐着。
All afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在家工作。
That year ended with nothing settled. 那一年什么事也没解决就结束了。
12.4.5 过去分词作状语
1) 过去分词有时可用作状语，修饰谓语（多放在句首，也可放在后面或插在中间）：
Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent. 从山上看这座城市非常壮观。
Convinced that they were trying to poison her, she refused to eat anything.她认为他们想毒害她，便拒绝吃任何东西。
Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe. 连续的暴雨使桥身受损，这座桥已不再安全。
A bit frightened, I handed it to her. 我略带惊恐地把它递给了她。
Greatly interested, I asked how he played these new works. 大感兴趣之下，我问他是如何演奏这些新作的。
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year. 如果身体好，我希望今年完成这工作。
She entered, accompanied by her mother. 她由她母亲陪着走进来。
They came in, followed by their wives. 他们走了进来，妻子们跟随在后。
He soon felt asleep, exhausted by the journey. 由于旅途劳顿，他很快就睡着了。
Henry, terribly embarrassed, blushed too. 亨利十分尴尬，脸也红了。
Mr. Cooper, deeply moved, thanked him again and again. 库柏先生深为感动，一再向他表示感谢。
Tom, horrified at what he had done, could at first say nothing. 汤姆对他做的事感到恐惧，一时说不出话来。
2) 有时一个单独的过去分词也可用作状语：
Depressed, he went to see his elder sister. 情绪低沉时他就去看他的姐姐。
Frustrated, he went back to his hometown. 他灰心丧气地回到家乡。
"She's right," he said, pleased. 他高兴地说，“她是对的。”
He turned away disappointed. 他失望地走开了。
Shelley, astonished, urged her to explain. 雪莱很是吃惊，忙催她解释。
3) 过去分词有时和连词一起用：
I went on talking, though continually interrupted by George. 我继续讲我的，尽管不断被乔治打断。
They would never do this unless compelled. 除非受到强迫，否则他们决不会做这样的事。
He will come if asked. 若受到邀请，他会来的。
When treated with kindness, he was very amiable. 当别人善待他时，他是非常和蔼可亲的。
He started as if awakened from a dream. 他吓了一跳，仿佛从梦中惊醒似的。
Whenever asked about it, he could hardly hold back his emotions. 每当有人问及此事，他就难以控制自己的感情。
4) 在少数情况下，过去分词可引导一个句子状语：
Judged by ordinary standards, he was reliable. 用普通标准来判断，他是可靠的。
Granted the exceptions, Tony agreed that all English women are haughty. 如果允许有例外的话，托尼同意英国女人都是很高傲的。
Given good weather, our ship will reach Bombay on Monday evening. 如果天气好，我们的船星期一晚上可到达孟买。
Provided (that) there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting there. 如果没有人反对，我们将在那里开会。
分词前有时还有一个逻辑上的主语：
Everybody, myself excepted, said no. 除我之外，所有的人都不赞成。
They'll send you the book for $2.75, postage included. 你若寄去2.75美元，他们就会寄你这本书，邮资在内。
Everything considered, his plan seems better. 从各方面考虑，他的计划似乎好一些。
13.1 概 说
13.1.1 英语的基本句型
1) 语言是千变万化的，要掌握语言，必须掌握语言的核心。动词句型可说是语言的核心，是骨干。纲举则目张。因此要对英语有比较全面的了解，应当抓住英语动词句型（English Verb Patterns）。掌握好这些基本句型，就可为灵活运用语言打下基础。
2) 英语有五种基本句型：
(1)主语+不及物动词：
Everybody smiled. 大家都笑了。
(2)主语+及物动词+宾语：
He knows everything. 他什么都知道。
(3)主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语：
I showed him my passport. 我把护照拿给他看。
(4)主语+系动词+表语（补语）：
The boy looks healthy. 那男孩看来身体很好。
(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语：
What made you angry? 什么使你生气？
祈使句的主语一般都省略掉。
13.1.2 动词、动词短语和成语动词
1) 担任谓语的可以是一个单一的动词：
Who knows? 谁知道？
Water flows. 水会流。
2) 也可以是一个 动词短语 （Verbal Phrase）：
I have been reading (a novel). 我一直在看书（小说）。
Have you got any carbon paper? 你有复写纸吗？
Where are you going to stay? 你准备住哪儿？
3) 也可以是成语动词（Phrasal Verb）：
Jane's looking after the children. 简在看孩子。
He turned down the proposal. 他拒绝了这项建议。
The match has been called off. 比赛被取消了。
因此谈到动词时就有这三种可能性。
13.1.3 每个成分都可有多种表示法
句子的成分常有多种表示法，例如宾语就可以有多种形式：
1) 名词或代词：
Love me, love my dog. （谚）爱屋及乌。
Look at the bird (it). 瞧那只鸟（它）。
2) 数词：
I want two. 我要两个。
3) 动名词：
She loves window-shopping. 她喜欢逛商店。
4) 不定式：
I hope to see you again. 我希望再次见到你。
5) 复合结构：
I wish you happy. 我希望你幸福。
His words made her weep. 他的话使她哭了。
6) 从句：
I suppose you're right. 我想你是对的。
(Do you) See what I mean? 懂我的意思吗？
7) 连词+不定式：
I'll show you how to do it. 我将教你怎样做。
其他成分如表语、宾语的补语也有多种形式，因此实际动词句型不止五个，而是四十多个。
13.1.4 修饰语
1) 许多名词和代词常有不少修饰语，称为定语。可担任定语的有：
a． 数词：
Five people were injured. 五个人受了伤。
b． 代词：
He must marry her, there is no other alternative. 他必须和她结婚，别无选择。
c． 形容词（包括合成形容词）：
Your nephew is a nice little boy. 你的侄子是个好小孩。
He is an out-and-out conservative. 他是个十足的保守派。
d． 名词或名词所有格：
He majors in computer science. 他是学电脑的。
We're studying Robert Burns'(s) poems. 我们在学罗伯特·彭斯的诗。
e． 介词短语：
My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。
f． 不定式：
There is no need to worry at all. 根本没有必要发愁。
g． 分词和动名词：
What are the issues facing the workers today? 今天工人们面临的是些什么问题？
They're making a study of the farming methods used in developed countries.他们正在研究发达国家使用的耕作方法。
h． 副词：
Is there anything on after supper? 晚饭后有什么活动吗？
The then headmaster ordered these books. 这些书是那时的校长定购的。
i． 从句：
I'll do all I can to help you. 我将竭尽所能来帮助你。
2) 动词也有修饰语，称为状语，也可以由许多成分担任：
a． 副词：
Your sister dances beautifully. 你妹妹舞跳得很优美。
b． 介词短语：
A mother loves a baby from the bottom of her heart. 母亲打心眼里爱自己的婴儿。
c． 不定式：
I'm sorry to bother you with all this. 对不起用这些事来麻烦你。
d． 分词：
Romeo, believing that Juliet was dead, decided to kill himself. 罗密欧以为朱丽叶死了，决定自杀。
Stunned by the blow, Peter fell to the ground. 受到重重的一击，彼得倒在地上。
e． 形容词：
She gave him the overcoat, anxious to be of service. 她把大衣给他，急着要帮他点忙。
f． 词组 （成语）：
He thought about it day and night. 他日夜想着这事。
g． 复合结构（独立结构）：
The weather being so nice, we didn't want to stay indoors. 天气那么好，我们不想待在家里。
h． 从句：
I'll find her wherever she may be. 不管她在哪里我都要找到她。
i． 名词：
She is feeling miles better today. 她今天感觉好多了。
正因为有这些修饰语，英语就变得丰富多彩。如果说动词句型是躯干，修饰语就是枝叶，基本句型是骨架，各类修饰语就是血肉。这两者是相辅相成的，片面强调一方面对语言学习都是不利的，在初学阶段掌握基本句型至关重要。脑中有一个全图，有明确的结构概念，添枝加叶就不难了。按这样的规律安排句子，句子就可以比较平稳地站起来，然后再充实血肉，就相对比较容易了。
13.2 第一类句型——主语+不及物动词
13.2.1 主语+不及物动词（1）
The sun is rising. 太阳正在升起。
Tim is sleeping. 蒂姆在睡觉。
It's snowing. 天在下雪。
The train is arriving. 火车就要到站了。
We waited and waited. 我们等了又等。
"Are you going?" "That depends." “你要去吗？”“那得看情况。”
The blind do not see. 盲人看不见东西。
Can you read? 你识字吗？
May I go? 我可以去吗？
It doesn't pay. 这不值得。
Will £ 5 do? 五英镑够吗？
I'll try. 我试试看。
13.2.2 主语+不及物动词+状语（2）
Did you sleep well? 你睡得好吗？
Don't drive so fast. 车别开这么快。
She is studying hard at the university. 她在大学学习很用功。
They sat together very quietly. 他们静静地坐在一起。
She swims like a fish. 她游起来像条鱼。
He danced for joy. 他高兴得跳起舞来。
She often dreams. 她常常做梦。
The man then walked off. 那人随后走了。
She is trembling all over. 她浑身发抖。
You go first and I will follow behind. 你先走，我跟着。
Her lecture lasted an hour. 她的讲座持续了一个小时。
The temperature fell ten degrees. 气温下降了十度。
13.2.3 主语+不及物动词+副词（构成成语动词）（3）
The economic crisis broke out first in the United States. 那场经济危机首先在美国爆发。
The meeting broke up in great confusion. 会议在一片混乱中散了。
The engine broke down. 发动机坏了。
The bomb blew up. 炸弹爆炸了。
How did the accident come about? 事故是怎样发生的？
Her temperature came down in the morning. 早上她的体温下降了。
The concert came off well. 音乐会开得很成功。
The baby is coming on well. 宝宝长得很健康。
Sales have been dropping off badly. 销售量大大下降。
If you don't like the idea, drop off. 如果你不喜欢这个主意，可以退出。
The scheme fell through. 计划失败了。
13.2.4 主语+不及物动词（有被动意思）（4）
The door blew open. 门被风吹开了。
Cheese cuts easily. 干酪很好切。
Protein digests slowly. 蛋白质消化很慢。
The door locks automatically. 这门会自动锁上。
She photographs well. 她很上相。
Is the book selling well? 这书好销吗？
The window won't shut. 窗子关不上了。
Silk stains easily. 丝绸染色很容易。
Does this cloth wash well? 这布耐洗吗？
Her eyes filled with tears. 她的眼睛充满泪水。
Where is the new film showing? 新片在那里上映？
The vegetables are cooking. 蔬菜正在炖。
13.3 第二类句型——主语+及物动词+宾语
13.3.1 主语+及物动词+名词（代词）（5）
1)“主+谓+宾”可能是英语中最常见的句型，在多数情况下宾语由名词或代词表示：
Do you know these people (them)? 你认识这些人（他们）吗？
I'll have vanilla ice-cream. 我要香草冰淇淋。
The orchestra played the National Anthem. 管弦乐队演奏了国歌。
He loved poetry. 他喜欢诗。
Have you ordered your meal? 你点饭菜了吗？
We took the early flight to Brussels. 我们乘早班飞机去布鲁塞尔。
What did he say? 他怎么说？
Silence means consent. （谚）沉默意味着同意。
Shall I call a taxi? 我要不要叫一辆出租车？
He left school in 1998. 他1998年从学校毕业。
They found a cure for cancer. 他们找到了一个治疗癌症的方法。
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X rays. 威廉·容特根发现了X光。
2) 有些动词和名词构成一种习惯用语（Idiom），有特别的意思：
Don't catch cold. 别感冒了。
This theory doesn't hold water. 这种理论站不住脚。
Make haste, or we shall be late. 快点，否则我们要迟到了。
At the end of the week George took leave. 周末时乔治告辞离去。
This sentence doesn't make sense. 这句子毫无意义。
She's always making a fuss. 她老是大惊小怪。
We'll make room for you in the back of the car. 我们将在车后部为你腾地方。
She's always making trouble for her friends. 她老给朋友们制造麻烦。
The storm played havoc with the orchard. 暴风雨给果园造成了巨大损害。
Other airlines also followed suit. 别的航空公司也照着做了。
Take care! The ice is thin. 当心！冰很薄。
When will the drug take effect? 这药什么时候开始起作用？
He always takes pains with his work. 他工作一向尽心尽力。
The action of the play takes place in ancient Rome. 这出戏的故事发生在古罗马。
The idea took root in his mind. 这想法在他脑中扎了根。
He always takes offence at any kind of criticism. 听到任何批评意见他都会生气。
13.3.2 主语+及物动词+自身代词（6）
1) 有大量动词可以用自身代词作宾语：
I can't express myself in English. 我不会用英语表达自己的思想。
He reproached himself for his rudeness. 他为自己的无礼而自责。
Now I'll introduce myself. 现在我来自我介绍一下。
He often contradicts himself. 他常常自相矛盾。
She saw herself in the mirror. 她在镜子里看到了自己。
I can support myself. 我能自己养活自己。
Don't deceive yourself. 不要自己骗自己。
She killed herself by jumping into the well. 她跳井自杀了。
I asked myself several questions. 我问了自己几个问题。
They blamed themselves for the accident. 他们为事故而自责。
This refrigerator defrosts itself. 这台冰箱能自动除霜。
有些成语动词后也可跟自身代词：
Look after yourself. 照顾好自己。
Take care of yourselves. 自己保重。
2)“动词+自身代词”可构成固定词组：
Don't overwork yourself. 别让自己太劳累。
Are you enjoying yourselves? 你们玩得好吗？
She prided herself on her financial success. 她为她经济上的成就而感到自豪。
She busied herself tidying up her desk. 她忙着整理她的书桌。
Why did you absent yourself (from school) yesterday? 你昨天为什么缺席（课）？
They seated themselves on the bench. 他们在长凳上坐了下来。
Help yourself to a beer. 请喝杯啤酒。
He excused himself from the meeting. 他请求不参加会议。
You must behave yourself at the party. 在晚会上你要规矩一点。
Pull yourself together and try and eat something. 打起精神来，多少吃点东西。
Don't strain yourself talking, dear. 亲爱的，别说得太累。
He distinguished himself in the examination. 他在考试中表现出色。
3) 有些动词后可跟自身代词，也可以不跟：
13.3.3 主语+动词+同源宾语（7）
有些动词通常为不及物动词，都可用一个与之同源的名词构成宾语，这种宾语称为同源宾语（Cognate Object）：
Alice laughed a scornful laugh. 爱丽丝鄙夷地笑了笑。
He could sleep the peaceful sleep of the young. 他可以睡得像年轻人那样平静。
He smiled a strange smile. 他古怪地笑了笑。
As he slept, he dreamed a dream. 他睡觉时做了一个梦。
She closed her eyes and wished a wish. 她闭上眼睛许了一个愿。
She lived a long happy life and died a natural death. 她一生幸福长寿，寿终正寝。
They were to dance the Rose-dance together. 他们将在一起跳玫瑰舞。
He said his say and then sat down. 他说完他的话然后坐下。
13.3.4 主语+成语动词+宾语
成语动词大体上有下面六类：
1) 及物动词+副词（8）：
He handed in his resignation this morning. 他今天上午递交了辞呈。
Cross out those two sentences. 把那两句划掉。
They brought forward a new scheme of taxation. 他们提出了一个新的征税计划。
You could only bring about her misery. 你只会给她带来痛苦。
Overwork brought on insomnia. 过度劳累造成失眠。
He had carried out our instructions to the letter. 他不折不扣地执行了我们的指示。
She has put aside a good sum of money. 她存了一大笔钱。
All the chestnut trees have put forth blossoms. 所有的栗树都开花了。
Who put forward such a view? 谁提出了这样的观点？
We can put off the meeting. 我们可以推迟开会。
副词有时可放到宾语后面去：
I'm not putting my meaning across very well. 我没把我的意思讲清楚。
We can put it off one more week. 我们可以把它再推迟一星期。
I'll put the particulars down in my notebook. 我将把详细情况记在笔记本上。
Put your coat on. 把外套穿上。
Take your shoes off, please. 请把鞋脱掉。
I'll think it over. 我要好好想一想。
这类句子也可用于被动结构：
The rebellion was put down with extreme brutality. 这次叛乱被极其残酷地镇压下去了。
The meeting has been put off. 会议被推迟了。
Another supermarket has been put up near our house. 我们家附近又建了一座超级市场。
A guerilla warfare was carried on successfully there. 在那里游击战进行得很成功。
2) 不及物动词+介词（9）：
We must abide by the rules of the game. 我们必须遵守游戏规则。
The Yellowstone Park abounds in wild animals. 黄石公园有大量的野生动物。
They will not agree to that arrangement. 他们不会同意那样的安排。
I called upon Mrs. Froster this evening. 今晚我去拜访了佛罗斯特夫人。
She's been looking after the luggage. 她一直在照看行李。
He was looking for summer employment. 他在找暑期工作。
We'll look into this matter together. 我们一道来调查这件事。
He came on an old friend in thelibrary. 他在图书馆碰到一位老朋友。
I don't object to the idea. 我不反对这个意见。
Her suggestion met with opposition. 她的建议遭到反对。
He thought of his boyhood. 他想起了他的童年。
Light consists of waves. 光由光波构成。
个别这种成语动词也可用于被动结构：
The baby was looked after by her little sister. 宝宝由她的小姐姐照看。
Many difficulties and setbacks will be met with. 会碰到很多困难挫折。
3) 不及物动词+介词+名词（10）：
Thus the first workers' league came into being. 就这样第一个工人联盟诞生了。
