VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.17
We'll be glad to help them over their difficulties. 我们将乐意帮助他们克服困难。
2) 这类句子也可用于被动结构，下面斜体部分可说是复合谓语：
The thief was found in possession of a large quantity of stolen property. 这小偷被发现藏有大量赃物。
He was kept in custody for two days. 他被拘留了两天。
She was soon set at liberty. 他不久被释放了。
The treaty is still considered in force. 这条约仍被视为有效。
Those regulations will be put into force next week. 这些规定下周开始生效。
I was left without a ray of hope. 我处于毫无希望的境地。
The fire was soon got under control. 火势不久就控制住了。
It was taken for granted that they would come and join us. 大家理所当然地认为他们会来参加我们的活动。
13.6.4 主语+及物动词+宾语+副词（作补语）（40）
1) 有些动词后可跟带副词的复合宾语：
I'm having some friends over for bridge tomorrow. 明天我有些朋友来打桥牌。
We went to her house but found her out. 我们到他家去，但发现她不在家。
She wished herself home. 她希望自己在家就好了。
Don't leave me behind. 别把我留下。
It's my own act. Why do you bring my mother in? 这是我自己干的，干吗把我妈扯进来？
Get me home at once. 快让我回家。
Congress voted the bill down. 国会否决了这项法案。
She has slept her headache off. 她一觉把头疼睡好了。
I didn't expect you back so soon. 我没料到你这么快回来。
Why don't you turn the TV on? 你为什么不开电视？
He is sure to help us through. 他一定会帮助我们渡过难关。
They declared the war over. 他们宣布战争结束。
By citing more examples, he drove his points home. 他举出更多的例子阐明了自己的论点。
I won't let him down in any way. 我不会做任何对不起他的事。
Please count me in (out) on the project. 请让我参加（别让我参加）这个项目。
2) 这种结构有时也可用于被动形式，斜体部分可说是复合谓语：
My bag has been left behind. 我的包忘拿了。
The suggestion was voted down. 这项建议被否决了。
The war was declared over. 战争被宣布结束。
This point should be driven home. 这一点应当讲清楚。
Why are these lights left on? 这些灯为什么没关？
He was often asked round to play cards with us. 他常被请来和我们打牌。
13.6.5 主语+及物动词+宾语+不定式（作补语）（41）
1) 有大量动词可跟这种复合结构：
What do you advise me to do? 你建议我怎么做？
You should get them to help you. 你应当请他们来帮你。
Don't allow yourself to indulge in false hopes. 别让自己沉迷于幻想。
We requested him to put a stop to such activities. 我们请求他终止这种活动。
At the meeting they invited me to speak. 在会上他们邀请我发言。
He liked a boy to be conscientious in his work. 他喜欢男孩子工作认真。
My heart compelled me to come. 我的勇气驱使我来。
Circumstances forced them to adopt this policy. 环境迫使他们采取这一政策。
Ill health obliged him to retire at an early age. 身体不好迫使他早早退休了。
I wish you to be happy. 我希望你快乐。
I hated this to have happened. 我不愿意发生这种事。
I should prefer him to do it in a different way. 我倒愿意他以另一种方式做这事。
He instructed me to come to work earlier. 他嘱咐我早点上班。
Permit me to explain. 请允许我解释一下。
Remind me to write that letter, will you? 提醒我写这封信，好吗？
He ordered (commanded) the soldiers to retreat. 他命令士兵们往后撤。
They warned us not to swim in that river. 他们警告我们不要在那条河里游泳。
He urged me to join their company. 他催促我加入他们的公司。
Heating a copper bar will cause it to expand. 加热铜条会使其膨胀。
She could not bring herself to tell him about Vesta. 她无法让自己把维斯塔的事告诉他。
关于这类结构可参阅第12.1.5节。
2) 在某些动词后，这类不定式只限于用to be这种形式（a），但可用其他动词不定式的完成形式或进行形式（b）：
a． We thought him to be an honest man. 我们认为他是老实人。
Do you consider that to be important? 你认为这重要吗？
Suppose (Imagine) this grain of sand to be the universe. 设想这粒沙子就是宇宙。
She found this to be true in all the cities she visited. 她发现她访问的城市都是这种情况。
They believed Aziz to be innocent. 他们相信阿齐斯是无辜的。
They suspected her to be my sister. 他们疑心她是我妹妹。
I understand him to be willing to help. 我听说他愿意帮忙。
He proved himself to be a coward. 他证实自己是一个懦夫。
We all felt the plan to be unwise. 我们都觉得这计划不明智。
b． He believed them to have discussed the problem. 他相信他们讨论过这个问题。
She suspected me to have done it. 她怀疑这事是我干的。
I judged them to have finished. 我估计他们已经干完了。
They suspected him to be dying. 他们怀疑他命已垂危。
He believed her to be telling the truth. 他相信她讲的是真话。
They thought him to be hiding in the woods. 他们认为他躲在树林里。
He considered the situation there to be deteriorating. 他认为那里的局势正在恶化。
3) 这类句子也常可用于被动结构，这时句子可说包含了一个复合谓语：
They were not allowed to see him. 他们未获准去看他。
I was asked to go with them. 他们请我和他们一道去。
Nelson was instructed to sail for Naples. 纳尔逊接到指示向那不勒斯航行。
She was obliged to abandon the idea. 她被迫放弃这个想法。
He was cautioned to speak as little as possible. 有人告诫他尽量少说话。
She was discovered to be quite trustworthy. 他们发现她很值得信赖。
Passengers were requested to fasten their seatbelts. 请乘客们系好安全带。
He was forced (obliged) to postpone his visit. 他被迫推迟他的访问。
4) 个别成语动词后也可跟这类复合宾语：
He called on Jack to answer the difficult question. 他叫杰克回答这个难题。
We'll prevail upon her to attend the concert. 我们将劝说她去听这个音乐会。
I'm counting on you to support us. 我指望你支持我们。
I longed for her to come and join us. 我盼望她来参加我们的活动。
He motioned to them to sit down. 他做手势让他们坐下。
We are waiting for the rain to stop. 我们在等雨停下来。
We depend on you to do it. 我们依靠你来完成这事。
He pleaded with me to go back. 他恳求我回去。
13.6.6 主语+及物动词+宾语+不带to的不定式（作补语）（42）
1) 有些动词后面的复合宾语中包含一个不带to的不定式：
What makes you tremble so? 什么让你抖成这样？
We can't let this go on. 我们不能让这事继续下去。
I'm going to have her live with us soon. 我准备不久让她和我们一起住。
I saw Martin's face go pale. 我看见马丁的脸变得苍白。
We had never heard her sing like that before. 我们以前从未听她这样唱过歌。
Did you notice him come in? 你有没有注意到他进来？
I watched her go off with amazement. 我惊异地瞧着她走掉了。
Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense. 突然我们感到气氛变得紧张起来。
在help后的不定式可带to，也可不带to（美国人不加to时比较多）：
I will help her (to) solve the problem. 我将帮助她解决这个问题。
2) 在被动结构中不定式一概带有to：
He was made to recite the whole poem. 他们让他把整首诗都背出来。
He was seen to fall. 有人看见他跌倒。
She was often heard to sing this song. 人们常听见她唱这首歌。
13.6.7 主语+及物动词+宾语+现在分词（作补语）（43）
1) 有些动词后面可跟带现在分词的复合结构：
He found Helen knitting there. 他看见海伦在那里织毛线。
I saw her chatting with Nancy. 我看见她在和南希聊天。
She could hear the rain pattering against the windows. 她能听到雨敲打着窗子。
He noticed a crowd of people shouting and cheering. 他注意到一群人在喊叫欢呼。
I could smell trouble coming. 我能感觉到麻烦即将来临。
He felt Jamie watching him. 他感觉到杰米在注视他。
She had kept him waiting twenty minutes on this occasion. 这次她让他等了二十分钟。
They watched the sun setting behind the trees. 他们瞧着太阳在树林后缓缓下沉。
They walked off and left me sitting there. 他们走了，只剩我坐在那里。
The lecturer soon got us thinking. 讲课的人很快就让我们思考起来。
The cries brought the neighbours running. 喊叫声使邻居们纷纷跑来。
I should like to catch them saying a word against me! 别让我抓住他们说我一句坏话！
Can you imagine me doing such a thing? 你能想像我做这样的事吗？
I can't understand you keeping a thing like this to yourself. 我不能理解你怎么把这样一件事瞒着别人。
He doesn't like people praising him. 他不喜欢听人赞扬他。
This news started me thinking. 这消息使我深思。
I hate you being unhappy. 我不愿意你不快乐。
I remember him, as a child, playing the piano beautifully. 我记得他小时候弹一手好钢琴。
在listento 和lookat 后面也可跟这种复合宾语：
Sometimes she would listen to him playing the saxophone. 有时她会听他吹奏萨克斯管。
She looked at him waiting there. 她瞧着他等在那里。
2) 这类句子有时也可用于被动结构：
Voices were heard calling for help. 听见有人呼救。
She was seen speaking to a policeman. 有人见她在和一位警察说话。
He was kept working all day. 他整天被逼着干活。
She was found jogging in the park. 有人看见她在公园里跑步。
They were caught trespassing on private land. 有人撞见他们进入私人地界。
Only one of its walls was left standing. 它只剩一堵墙还立在那里。
关于这类结构可参阅第12.3.4节。
13.6.8 主语+及物动词+宾语+过去分词（作补语）（44）
1) 有些动词可跟带过去分词的复合宾语：
I have heard it said that he is a miser. 我听人说他是个吝啬鬼。
I have seen that method applied by many people. 我曾见过很多人使用这种方法。
He watched the piano carried upstairs. 他看着钢琴被搬上楼去。
They found themselves stranded at the airport. 他们发现自己被困在飞机场了。
You have to get a photograph taken. 你得去照一张像。
Father's had his hands burned. 爸把手烫了。
I noticed his car parked outside. 我注意到他的车停在外面。
We want the work finished by Friday. 我们希望这工作周五之前完成。
We wished the problem settled outside the court. 我们希望这问题在庭外解决。
You must make yourself respected. 你必须使自己受到尊重。
He kept his eyes shut and stayed where he was. 他一直闭着眼睛坐在原处。
She left the ironing undone and went bowling. 她衣服没熨完就去打保龄球了。
He felt himself compelled to take this action. 他感到自己被迫采取这个行动。
Everyone considered it greatly improved. 大家都认为它大有改进。
The convention declared itself dissolved. 会议宣布解散。
2) 其中有少数可用于被动结构：
Jones was found shot in the head. 琼斯被发现头部中了弹。
My patient can't be left unattended. 不能让我的病人没人照顾。
They are considered underpaid. 大家认为他们工资偏低。
You will be kept informed of what's going on here. 将让你随时了解这儿发生的情况。
关于这类结构可参阅第12.4.4节。
14.1 形容词的类型
14.1.1 形容词的类型
形容词大体上可以分为下面几类：
● 品质形容词（Qualitative Adjectives）
● 类属形容词（Classifying Adjectives）
● 颜色形容词（Colour Adjectives）
● 强调形容词（Emphasizing Adjectives）
● -ing形容词（-ing Adjectives）
● -ed形容词（-ed Adjectives）
● 合成形容词（Compound Adjectives）
有些语法学家把作定语的代词都称作为形容词（具体可参阅A Practical English Grammar第三章），美国词典也多把它们标作形容词（如this, some都标作形容词），有些英国语法学家则把它们称为限定词。关于这一问题可参阅第5.1.3节。
14.1.2 品质形容词
英语中大量形容词属于这一类，它们表示人或物的品质，如：
He's the happiest man on earth. 他是世界上最快乐的人。
She looks very healthy. 她看起来身体很好。
The play was boring. 那出戏很枯燥乏味。
It was a lovely quiet beach. 这是一片美丽而宁静的海滩。
He is a humourous magician. 他是位富于幽默感的魔术师。
You have an honest face. 你有一张诚实的脸。
这类形容词常见的有：
这类形容词一般都能用于比较级，如bigger， simpler， younger。
14.1.3 类属形容词
这类形容词表示属于哪一类，如：
In that case they would receive financial aid from the state. 如果出现那种情况，他们将获得国家的财政援助。
We must learn to use our cultural heritage. 我们应学会利用我们的文化遗产。
These subjects reflect our daily lives. 这些题材反映我们的日常生活。
This medicine is for external use only. 此药仅供外用（不能内服）。
常见的这类形容词有：
这类形容词一般都不能用于比较级。
14.1.4 颜色形容词
有少数表示颜色的形容词，如：
His face went purple with rage. 他的脸气得发青（紫）。
He's got scarlet fever. 他患了猩红热。
She had on a blue coat. 她穿了一件蓝色的外套。
Carrots are orange. 胡萝卜是橘红色的。
这类形容词主要有：
这类词前面还可加light， pale， dark， deep， bright等词，如：
light brown hair 淡褐色的头发
a pale green dress 淡绿色的裙服
a deep blue skirt 深蓝色的裙子
a dark grey suit 深灰色的套服
后面还可加-ish这样的词尾：
yellowish teeth 微黄的牙齿
reddish hair 略带红色的头发
a greenish-yellow tinge 黄中带绿的颜色
eyes of bluish green 绿中带蓝的眼睛
14.1.5 强调形容词
有些形容词起强调作用，如：
He was a total stranger to me. 他对我来说完全是个陌生人。
It's an utter mystery. 这完全是个谜。
That's sheer nonsense. 这纯粹是胡说八道。
I have perfect trust in his judgement. 我绝对信任他的判断力。
常见的这类形容词有：
14.1.6 -ing形容词
1) 有大量现在分词正在或已经变为形容词，如：
It was a tiring journey. 这是一趟累人的旅行。(The journey tired me.)
This is a convincing argument. 这是个有说服力的论据。(It convinces us.)
She is pleasing in her appearance. 她的模样很喜人。(She pleases us.)
It has a satisfying ending. 它的结局令人满意。(It satisfies us.)
这类形容词多由及物动词变来，常见的这类形容词有：
这类形容词有很多也是品质形容词，有时可用于最高级（如most amazing, most disappointing）。
2) 还有一些-ing形容词和不及物动词有关，如：
We hope to lessen the existing tension. 我们希望缓解目前的紧张局势。
（比较：Obstacles to agreement still exist. 达成协议的障碍仍然存在。）
I have been fighting the prevailing decadence for years. 多年来我一直在和盛行的颓废现象作斗争。
（比较：Truth will prevail. 真理将占上风。）
Rising crime has driven many families out of downtown areas. 上升的犯罪率迫使许多家庭迁离市区。
（比较：Prices continued to rise. 物价继续上涨。）
He's is one of the greatest living composers. 他是当今最伟大的作曲家之一。
（比较：The birds live only on this island. 这种鸟只生活在该岛上。）
常见的这类形容词有：
这类形容词只能作定语，不能用于比较级。
3) 还有一些-ing形容词并不与动词有关，如：
neighbouring cities 邻近的城市
a cunning trick 狡猾的计谋
an impending disaster 即将来临的灾难
an enterprising woman 有事业心的女子
a balding man 头发日稀的人
an appetizing smell 引起食欲的香味
还有少数-ing形容词，包含一个副词：
the outgoing mail 准备寄出的邮件
the forthcoming election 即将到来的选举
outlying areas 偏远地区
an overbearing manner 傲慢的态度
an ongoing debate 在进行的辩论
the incoming president 新选的总统
an oncoming car 在开来的汽车
an outstanding writer 杰出的作家
14.1.7 -ed形容词
1) 大多数-ed形容词都与及物动词有关，是由它们的过去分词变过来的，一般有被动意义，多数为品质形容词，如：
She looked embarrassed. 她好像很尴尬。
These people are from distressed areas. 这些人来自贪苦地区。
She had confused feelings about him. 她对他有一种混杂的感情。
I could hear his agitated voice. 我可以听到他激动的声音。
I felt depressed. 我感到很沮丧。
常见的这类形容词有：
2) 有些-ed形容词可说是类属形容词，也由动词的过去分词变来，但不能用于比较级，如：
You have to pass the required examination to become a doctor. 你需要通过规定的考试才能成为医生。
It was only a small cut, but it became infected. 这只是一个小口子，但已被感染了。
She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。
He has very fixed ideas of how a wife should behave. 他对一个妻子应怎样处事有着很固执的看法。
常见的这类形容词有：
3) 有少数-ed形容词，不是由动词，而是由名词变来的：
a principled stand 原则立场
skilled workers 技术工人
salaried class 工薪阶层
armoured vehicles 装甲车
a gifted pianist 有天赋的钢琴家
winged insects 有翅膀的昆虫
a flowered headscarf 印花头巾
barbed wire 铁丝网
还有少数-ed形容词，和动词和名词都没有关系：
beloved leaders 受爱戴的领导
concerted effort 协同努力
his deceased aunt 他死去的姨
assorted sweets 杂拌糖（果）
sophisticated equipment 尖端设备
rugged country 崎岖不平的田野
4) 有些-ed形容词包含有副词：
a well-equipped army 一支装备精良的部队
strongly-motivated students 学习动力强的学生
simply-furnished rooms 陈设简单的房间
a well-known musician 著名的音乐家
a cautiously-worded statement 一篇措辞谨慎的声明
smartly-dressed ladies 穿着漂亮的女士们
a tall, powerfully-built man 身材高大魁梧的男子
highly-developed industry 高度发展的工业
14.1.8 合成形容词
1) 合成形容词在英语中是比较普遍的，最常见的有下面几类：
a． 形容词+名词+ed：
good-natured 天性善良的
soft-hearted 心肠很软的
sweet-tempered 脾气很好的
narrow-minded 心地狭窄的
b． 副词+过去分词：
low-paid 工资很低的
well-bred 很有教养的
far-fetched 牵强附会的
poorly-written 写得很差的
c． 形容词+现在分词：
fine-sounding 动听的
nice-looking 漂亮的
easy-going 好说话的
sweet-tasting 有甜味的
d． 副词+现在分词
hard-working 勤劳的
far-reaching 深远的
low-lying 低洼的
long-standing 长期存在的
e． 名词+现在分词：
time-consuming 费时间的
labor-saving 节省劳动力的
heart-breaking 令人心碎的
trouble-making 捣乱的
f． 形容词+名词：
present-day (life) 当代的（生活）
white-collar (staff) 白领（员工）
full-time (staff) 全时工作（员工）
high-class (restaurant) 高级（餐馆）
2) 还有一些其他类型的合成形容词，如：
a tree-lined avenue 林荫大道（名词+过去分词）
duty-free shops 免税商店（名词+形容词）
a two-piece suit 两件套的西服（数词+名词）
cast-off shoes 丢弃的鞋（过去分词+副词）
all-out attempt 全力以赴的努力（副词+副词）
take-home pay（扣税等后的）实得工资（动词+副词）
3) 还有一些三个或更多词构成的合成形容词，如：
wait-and-see policy 观望政策
heart-to-heart talk 推心置腹的谈话
wall-to-wall carpet 满铺地毯
well-to-do families 富裕家庭
the day-to-day administration 日常行政工作
an out-of-date driving license 过期驾照
a life-and-death struggle 生死斗争
state-of-the-art technology 尖端科技
an out-of-the-way place 偏僻之地
14.2 形容词在句中的作用
14.2.1 形容词的主要作用
形容词在句中主要可用作：
1) 定语：
It supplies us with up-to-the-minute financial information. 它向我们提供最新的财经消息。
