VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.18
What a fine day! 多好的天气！
He is a self-made man. 他是个自学成才的人。
2) 表语：
The scene was horrifying. 这景象很恐怖。
I am getting bored and homesick. 我感到有些厌烦想家。
His comments were well-meant. 他说这些话都是出于好心。
3) 宾语的补语（构成合成宾语）：
Praise made good men better and bad men worse. （谚）赞扬使好人更好，坏人更坏。
I find this hot weather very trying. 我感到这种炎热天气很难受。
Do you think it necessary? 你认为这有必要吗？
4) 状语：
She was back, eager to see her friends. 她回来了，亟想见她的朋友们。
She gave him the overcoat, anxious to be of service. 她把大衣拿给他，亟愿为他服务。
He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他又饿又累地回到家里。
14.2.2 作表语的形容词
1) 有一些形容词，特别是以a-开头的形容词，一般在句中只用作表语，如：
He's a bit afraid (of her). 他有点害怕（她）。
They were unable to help. 他们没法帮忙。
Several students were ill. 好几个学生病了。
In a little while he fell asleep. 不一会儿他就睡着了。
常见的这种形容词有：
2) 有些形容词在用作表语时，后面常跟一个由to引导的短语：
She is allergic to pollen. 她对花粉过敏。
Her office is adjacent to mine. 她的办公室和我的紧挨着。
We are immune to smallpox as a result of vaccination. 由于种了牛痘我们对天花有免疫力。
Smoking is injurious to the lungs. 抽烟对肺有害。
常见的这类形容词有：
3) 有些形容词作表语时后面跟of引导的短语：
He was not aware of her presence. 他不知道她在场。
She was already desirous of fame. 她已经在渴望出名了。
The meeting wasn't productive of any important decisions. 会议没作出任何重要的决定。
Fever may be indicative of an infection. 发烧说明可能有炎症。
常见的这类形容词有：
4) 还有不少形容词可用作表语，后面可跟其他介词：
He is not lacking in intelligence. 他的智力并不差。
She was also connected with the government. 她也和政府有联系。
The government is responsible for the nation's welfare. 政府负责国家的福利。
I'll never be dependent on anyone again. 我将决不再依靠任何人。
常见的这类形容词如：
5) 有些作表语的形容词后常跟不定式（a）或由that引导的从句（b）：
a． He was doomed to fail. 他注定要失败。
He is liable to shout when angry. 他生气时常大声吼叫。
He is physically fit to be an astronaut. 他的身体适合当宇航员。
b． She was confident that she would find work. 她有信心能找到工作。
I'm surprised I didn't see the trick. 我很奇怪这花招我竟没有看出来。
I'm so happy that you could visit us. 我真高兴你能来看望我们。
关于这两类结构可参阅第13.5.8和13.5.9节。
14.2.3 作定语的某些形容词
1) 大部分形容词都可作定语，也可作表语，但有一部分形容词只能作定语，不能作表语：
a． 许多类属形容词只能作定语，如：
b． 也有少数品质形容词只能用作定语，如：
强调形容词总用作定语，颜色形容词在多数情况下都用作定语。
2) 有些形容词通常用作表语，但在个别情况下都可用作定语，如：
sure： It's a sure thing they'll come. 他们肯定会来。
glad： Where were you when you received the glad news? 你得到这喜讯时人在哪里？
sorry： His triumph seemed a sorry one. 他的胜利似乎价值不大。
fond： She has fond hopes of becoming a movie star. 她有当电影明星的幻想。
ill： Let's disregard any ill comments that are aimed at us. 咱们不要理会任何针对我们的恶意评论。
ready： A kind man gives ready help to children. 善良的人随时乐于帮助孩子。
14.2.4 形容词的其他用法
1) 很多形容词可用作宾语的补语，关于这种结构可参阅第13.5.10节，特别是能作表语的形容词一般都可用来构成复合宾语：
ill： I found her ill with influenza. 我发现她得了流感。
ready： Have your tickets ready. 大家把车票准备好。
alive： Let's keep the fish alive. 咱们要让鱼活着。
alone： We should leave her alone for a moment. 我们应当让她一个人待一会儿。
well： I hope to see you well soon. 希望早日看到你痊愈。
unable： I found myself unable to answer the question. 我发现自己回答不了那问题。
2) 形容词作状语时也不少，在很多情况可引导一个短语：
Overjoyed, she dashed out of the house. 狂喜之下她冲出屋去。
Curious, we looked around for other guests. 由于好奇，我们向四周张望看有什么别的客人。
She grasped my hands, unable to say anything. 她抓住我的双手，说不出话来。
He's come back to his hometown full of grand resolutions. 他满怀壮志回到家乡。
He emerged from the accident unharmed. 在这次事故中他毫发无损。
Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote. 因急于作出一个快速决定，主席要求投票表决。
They like living in a village, free of crowds and noise. 他们喜欢住在村子里，远离人群和喧嚣。
3) 形容词间或也可用作同位语，放在所修饰的词后面：
He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他读了很多书，古今中外都有。
People, old and young, look to the streets to watch the parade. 老老少少的人们都走上街头看游行。
The current fair, the biggest in its history, is being held in Guangzhou. 目前的这届交易会是有史以来规模最大的，正在广州举行。
I found Jim, unconscious, a few hours later. 几个小时后我发现了吉姆，他已不省人事。
14.3 形容词的位置
14.3.1 形容词作定语时的位置
1) 作定语时的通常位置：
作定语的形容词通常放在所修饰词前面，如果有几个形容词，大体上按下列顺序排列：
有时也按下面顺序：
2) 个别形容词常放在所修饰词后面：
Japan proper excludes the outlying islands. 日本本土不包括外围岛屿。
I had an interview with the ambassador designate. 我采访了即将赴任的大使。
Their leader was the devil incarnate. 他们的头目是魔鬼的化身。
特别是在一些固定词组中，形容词通常放在所修饰词后面：
the Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人
heir apparent 当然继承人
court martial 军事法庭
sum total 总额
governor general（英）总督
Asia Minor 小亚细亚
postmaster general 邮政部长
Attorney General（美）司法部长，（英）总检察长
president elect 当选总统
3) 有些形容词可以放在名词前面，也可放在名词后面，意思有时不同，例如：
有些放在所修饰词的前面或后面意思相同：
4) 修饰nothing，something这类合成代词的形容词通常放在它们后面：
I was looking for something cheaper. 我在找便宜一点的东西。
Has anything special happened? 发生了什么特别的事吗？
There is nothing wrong with his heart. 他的心脏没有问题。
14.3.2 形容词作其他成分时的位置
1) 形容词作表语时都跟在系动词后面：
Two of them remained single. 他们中有两人一直是单身。
Presently she grew calmer. 不久她平静了一些。
有时前面可插入其他词（如状语等）：
He became quite cheerful. 他变得很快活。
He seemed to me quite normal. 在我看来他似乎很正常。
2) 作宾语补语时一般紧跟宾语：
This delay has made me late. 这一耽搁使我迟到了。
This kept me busy. 这使我很忙。
有时前面可插入其他成分（如状语）：
It'll make me so happy if you'll accept it. 如果你愿意收下它的话会使我非常高兴。
I've never seen her quite so sure of herself. 我从未见她这样自信过。
3) 作状语时可放在句子前面（a），也可放在句子后部（b），间或插在主语后面（c）：
a． Greatly interested, I asked how he played the new instrument. 我带着极大的兴趣问他这新乐器怎么弹。
Enthusiastic, they are quite cooperative. 他们有热情，很愿意合作。
b． She hurried up the steps, nervous and pale. 她匆忙走上台阶，神情紧张，脸色苍白。
He came round greatly concerned. 他很关切地走了过来。
c． Mrs. Carey, much concerned, insisted on sending him to hospital. 卡利夫人很关心，坚持要送他去医院。
The girl, amazed at the sight, didn't know what to say. 那姑娘看到这景象后很惊讶，不知道说什么好。
有些形容词有时用在动词后面，表示状态：
Many poets died young. 许多诗人英年早逝。
I drink the milk hot. 我喝热牛奶。
4)作同位语的形容词通常紧跟在名词后面：
The middle-aged man is a newly elected team leader, able, open and sincere.那位中年男子是新选出的队长，能干、开朗、为人诚恳。
I met Sallie, angry at me as always. 我见到了萨莉，还是像往常那样生我的气。
这类同位语有时放在句首，特别是当主语很短时：
Conscientious and eager, she took down everything he said. 她很认真热情，把他说的话都记下了。
Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they do everything to make your journey comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你旅途舒适愉快。
5)作句子状语（或称独立成分）的形容词，多放在句子前头：
Strange to say, no one was hurt. 说也奇怪，没有人受伤。
More important still, I didn't want to worry Maxim. 更重要的是，我不想让马克西姆担心。
He may be late. Worse still, he may not come at all. 他可能会迟到，更糟糕的是，他可能压根儿就不来了。
14.4 形容词的比较级别
14.4.1 形容词比较级和最高级的构成法
1) 形容词有些有两种形式，即比较级（The Comparative Degree），表示“比较…”和最高级（The Superlative Degree），表示“最…”，与之相对的形容词本身称为原级（The Positive Degree），例如：
原级 比较级 最高级
* * *
* * *
* * *
high 高 higher较高的 highest 最高的
warm 暖和 warmer 较暖和 warmest 最暖和
cold 冷 colder 较冷的 coldest 最冷的
short 短 shorter 较短的 shortest 最短的
这三种形式总起来称为形容词的比较级别（Degrees of Comparison）。
2) 单音节词及少数双音节词都以在后面加词尾-er，-est的方式构成比较级，构成的方式如下：
除以y结尾的双音节词外，以-ow，-er，-te等结尾的双音节词，也可用加词尾的方法构成比较级和最高级，如：
原级 比较级 最高级
* * *
* * *
* * *
narrow narrower narrowest
clever cleverer cleverest
simple simpler simplest
polite politer politest
common commoner commonest
quiet quieter quietest
3) 其他双音节词及多音节词都以在前面加more和most的方式构成比较级和最高级：
原级 比较级 最高级
* * *
* * *
* * *
careful more careful most careful
active more active most active
likely more likely most likely
difficult more difficult most difficult
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
effective more effective most effective
有少数单音节词，如pleased，glad，tired，fond等，也可以这种方法构成比较级和最高级：
原级 比较级 最高级
* * *
* * *
* * *
pleased more pleased most pleased
glad more glad most glad
4) less和least也可用来构成比较级和最高级，表示“较/最不…”：
原级 比较级 最高级
* * *
* * *
* * *
careful less careful least careful
selfish less selfish least selfish
dangerous less dangerous least dangerous
necessary less necessary least necessary
14.4.2 不规则的比较级和最高级形式
1) 有些形容词有不规则的比较级和最高级形式：
原级 比较级 最高级
* * *
* * *
* * *
good, well better best
bad worse worst
much, many more most
little less least
far farther, further farthest, furthest
old older, elder oldest, eldest
2) 这些不规则形式的意思可表示如下：
better：
Two heads are better than one. （谚）两人智慧胜一人。
This is a better example. 这是一个较好的例子。
The child is better today. 今天孩子的情况好些了。
best：
The best mirror is an old friend. （谚）老友是宝镜。
East, west, home's best. 东跑西跑还是家里最好。
worse：
His behaviour is worse than ever before. 他的表现比过去更糟。
Her cold was growing worse. 她的感冒更厉害了。
worst：
The worst part of the journey was over. 旅途中最糟糕的一段路程过去了。
This is the worst accident for years. 这是多年以来最严重的事故。
more：
He went abroad to gain more experience. 他出国去学习更多的经验。
We won't have any more discussion about it. 这事我们不再讨论了。
most：
Least talk, most work. 少说话，多干活。
The busiest men have the most leisure. （谚）最忙的人闲暇最多。
less：
I have less strength than he has. 我的力气比他小。
More haste, less speed. （谚）欲速则不达。
least：
He didn't have the least desire to go to bed. 他一点都不想睡觉。
There isn't the least wind today. 今天一点风都没有。
3) older和elder意思不尽相同，older表示年纪较大的，oldest表示年纪最大的：
John is older than Tom. 约翰比汤姆年纪大。
He is the oldest student in our class. 他是我们班年龄最大的学生。
elder和eldest主要用来表示兄弟姐妹或子女的长幼关系：
He's my elder brother. 他是我哥哥。
Sarah is the elder of the two. 两人中萨拉是姐姐。
This is her elder daughter. 这是她较大的女儿。
Their eldest son died in infancy. 他们的大儿子在襁褓中就死了。
Her eldest child is at university. 她的大孩子上大学了。
He has three sons, and his eldest has just started school. 他有三个儿子，老大刚上学。
4) farther和further的意思不尽相同：
father：（较远） Manchester is farther from London than Oxford is. 曼彻斯特离伦敦比牛津远。
farthest：（最远的） Which of the cities is the farthest from us? 这些城市哪座离我们最远？
further： It was a few miles further. 它要远几英里。
（更远） There is a cottage on the further side of the hill. 小山的那一边有一座农舍。
（进一步的）They made further arrangements. 他们作了进一步的安排。
（更多的） Have you any further questions to ask? 你还有更多的问题要问吗？
furthest：（更远的） It is the furthest point west in England. 这是英格兰最靠西的地方。
14.4.3 形容词比较级的用法
1) 形容词的比较级可以单独使用：
Are you feeling better today? 你今天感觉好点了吗？
Be more careful next time. 下次小心点。
It was quieter outside. 外面安静点了。
He feels more content now. 他现在比较满意了。
It couldn't be easier. 不能再容易了。
This car's more expensive. 这辆车比较贵。
She hoped to get a better job. 她希望得到一份更好的工作。
Further supplies will soon be available. 不久将会有更多的供应品。
Further discussion wouldn't be necessary. 没有必要作进一步讨论。
Who is taller (more suitable)? 谁高（更合适）一点？
We must do more with less money. 我们要少花钱多办事。
Which book is better (less difficult)? 哪本书好一些（不难一些）？
I'll try to make fewer mistakes in future. 以后我要少犯错误。
2) 也可以和than一起用，表示两者相比，than后可以跟：
a． 名词或代词（若为人称代词，在口语中多用宾格）：
He is older than me. 他年龄比我大。
Tokyo is bigger than New York. 东京比纽约大。
He made fewer mistakes than you (do). 他出的错比你少。
She has more time than me (I do). 她的时间比我多。
There are more boys than girls in our class. 我们班男生比女生多。
b． 动名词：
Skiing is more exciting than skating. 滑雪比溜冰更刺激。
This is more interesting than sitting in an office. 这比坐办公室有意思。
Nothing is more unpleasant than finding insects in your bath. 什么也不如在浴缸里发现虫子更令人不快。
Travelling by train is more comfortable than travelling by bus. 坐火车旅行比坐公共汽车旅行舒服。
Shopping at a supermarket is cheaper than going to the local shops. 在超市购物比在邻近商店购物便宜。
c． 从句：
I am happier than I have ever been. 我现在比过去任何时候都快活。
I was a better singer than he was. 我唱歌比他好。
He is stronger than I expected. 他比我预料的更健壮。
It was more expensive than I thought. 它比我想的要贵些。
We produce 25 percent more steel than we did five years ago. 我们的钢产量比五年前增加了百分之二十五。
d． 状语（包括副词、介词短语等）：
She felt worse than usual. 她感到比平时更难受。
It's even colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天还冷。
He is busier than ever. 他比过去更忙了。
She is in better health than last year. 她身体比去年好了。
It takes less time to go there by plane than by train. 坐飞机到那里比坐火车快。
e． 跟其他成分（如动词、形容词等）：
Better cut the shoe than pinch the foot. 把鞋铰开也比夹脚好。
It's easier to do it yourself than (to) explain it to her. 你自己干比给她解释更容易。
It's better to be prepared than unprepared. 有准备比没准备好。
She was more surprised than angry. 她吃惊甚于生气。
He was more lucky than clever. 他是运气好，而不是聪明。
14.4.4 形容词比较级的修饰语
1) 形容词比较级前可加much，a lot，far，a bit，a little，slightly之类表示程度的状语：
He's feeling a lot better today. 他感到今天好多了。
You have far more imagination than I have. 你的想像力比我丰富多了。
She is a little bit better now. 她现在稍稍好一点了。
It's slightly warmer today. 今天稍暖和一点。
Now I feel a great deal more confident. 现在我感到信心强多了。
You look much happier than you did yesterday. 你比昨天显得高兴多了。
She's actually a good deal older than she looks. 她的实际年龄比她看上去要大得多。
2) 也可在比较级前加any，no，some，even，still这类词：
Do you feel any better today? 你今天感觉好一点了吗？
She was no older than Zilla. 她并不比齐拉大。
You must go and get some more milk. 你得再去弄些牛奶来。
This book is even more useful than that. 这本书甚至比那本书更有用。
He is fat, but his brother is still fatter. 他很胖，但他哥哥更胖。
When she heard the news, she became all the more depressed. 听到这消息，她变得更加沮丧了。
3) 比较级前还可加其他表示数量的词：
Shall I get a couple more chairs? 我要不要再搬两把椅子来？
Where can I get a few more computers? 我从哪里还能再弄几台电脑来？
He had not so very many more years to live. 他已没有多少年好活了。
My sister is ten years younger than me. 我妹妹比我小十岁。
You're a head taller than Jane. 你比简高一个头。
It was one-fourth cheaper than the market price. 它比市场价格低四分之一。
Cotton output was 20 per cent higher than in the previous year. 棉花产量比前一年高百分之二十。
14.4.5 形容词比较级的特殊用法
形容词比较级有些特殊用法，例如：
1)"more．．．than" 有时可以把两种品质加以比较，表示“更多…而不是”：
I was more annoyed than worried when he didn't come home. 他没回家时我更多的是生气而不是担心。
This is more a war movie than a western. 这应当说是战争片而不是西部片。
To them, music is more a way of life than just an interest. 对他们来说，音乐是一种生活方式而不仅仅是一种爱好。
2) more and more这类结构可表示“越来越”：
Secretly she became more and more indignant. 她内心感到越来越气愤。
The story gets more and more exciting. 故事变得越来越激动人心。
Your English is getting better and better. 你的英语越来越好了。
