VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.19
Holiday flights are getting less and less expensive. 节假日的机票越来越便宜了。
3) the more．．．the more可表示“越是…越…”：
The more learned a man is, the more modest he usually is. 一个人越有学问，往往越谦虚。
The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I am to be able to answer them. 问题越难，我能回答的可能性越小。
The warmer the weather, the better I feel. 天气越暖和我感觉越舒服。
4) more than常用在数词前，表示“超过…”、“…多”：
He can't be more than thirty. 他不可能超过三十岁。
More than 800 people attended the concert. 八百多人出席了音乐会。
They enrolled more than 500 new students. 他们招收了五百多新生。
She has been away for more than a year. 她离开已一年多了。
5) less than常表示“不到…”，或（美）“不太”：
In less than a week, the MS was ready. 不到一周稿子就准备好了。
I bought it for less than a dollar. 我买它花了还不到一美元。
We were busy and less than delighted to have company that day. 那天我们很忙，不太想接待客人。
The boys were less than happy about having a party. 男生们并不太高兴开晚会。
6) no less than表示“多达”、“不少于”：
He won no less than £ 500. 他赢了不少于五百英镑。
Its population is no less than two million. 它的人口多达两百万。
No less than 1,000 people came. 至少来了有一千人。
There were no less than three officials waiting there. 至少有三名官员在那里等候。
7) more or less表示“基本上”、“大体上”或“大约”
The work is more or less finished. 这项工作基本上完成了。
The answers were more or less right. 这些回答大体上是正确的。
It's an hour's journey, more or less. 这段路程大约需要一个小时。
It's a mile, more or less, from here to the station. 从这里到火车站大约有一英里。
14.4.6 as...as和notso...as结构
1) as...as可表示“和…一样…”（注意形容词要用原级）：
Some of their states are as big as France. 他们有些州的面积有法国那样大。
He considered her opinion as valuable as ours. 他认为她的意见和我们的一样有价值。
He is as energetic as a young man. 他像年轻人一样充满活力。
She was as busy as before. 她还是和过去一样忙。
They were as firm as we could expect. 他们像我们所期待的那样坚定。
英语中有大量这样的成语：
as brave as a lion 十分勇敢；无畏
as bright as day 亮如白昼
as busy as a bee 忙碌
as cheerful as a lark 兴高采烈
as cold as ice 非常冷；无反应的
as cunning as a fox 狡诈
as fat as a pig 体胖如猪
as fierce as a tiger 凶猛如虎
as firm as a rock 坚如磐石
as graceful as a swan 举止端庄
as innocent as a dove 非常天真的
as greedy as a wolf 贪得无厌
as loud as thunder 声如雷鸣
as light as a feather 轻如鸿毛
as proud as a peacock 非常高傲
as obstinate as a mule 像骡子一样
as quiet as a mouse 娴静固执
as round as an apple 滚圆的
as quick as lightning 迅如闪电
as silly as a goose 蠢如呆鹅
as red as a cherry 脸色绯红
as sour as vinegar 味道很酸的
as sharp as a needle 非常敏锐
as straight as an arrow 快捷的
as slippery as an eel 滑头的
as strong as a horse 非常健壮
as stupid as a donkey 笨极了
as sweet as honey 非常甜的
as tame as a cat 非常听话
as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠
as ugly as a toad 特别丑陋
as watchful as a hawk 警惕监视着
as white as snow 洁白如雪
2) 在否定句中可用not as... （a）或not so... （b）表示“不像…那样”：
a． Manslaughter is not as (so) bad as murder. 过失杀人没有谋杀那么严重。
The food wasn't as good as yesterday. 今天的饭菜没有昨天的好。
Your coffee is not as (so) good as the coffee my mother makes. 你煮的咖啡没我妈煮的好。
The hotel was not as good as they expected. 旅馆没有他们预期的那样好。
b． It isn't so cold as yesterday. 今天没有昨天那么冷。
He is not so handsome as his brother. 他不像他哥哥那样英俊。
I'm not so experienced as you think. 我没有你想的那样有经验。
The situation is not so bad as had been painted. 形势没有描绘的那样糟。
3) 在as...as结构中也可以插入修饰语：
Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago. 汽油比前几年贵了一倍。
Their house is about three times as big as ours. 他们的房子比我们的房子约大两倍。
My command of English is not half so (as) good as yours. 我的英文学得还不及你一半好。
There the tuberculosis rate is 10 times as high as in North Carolina. 那里的肺结核发病率是北卡罗来纳州的十倍。
14.4.7 形容词最高级的用法
1) 形容词最高级的主要用法：
形容词最高级主要表示“最…”，前面一般带定冠词the：
This is the oldest theatre in London. 这时伦敦最古老的剧院。
It was the quickest route from Rome to Milan. 这是从罗马到米兰最快捷的路线。
Jim is the tallest of the three. 吉姆是三人中最高的。
This book is the most interesting one. 这本书是最有意思的一本。
Which is the longest river in China? 哪条河流是中国最长的？
She has the worst task of us all. 我们所有人中她的任务最艰巨。
有时后面有一从句修饰：
This is the best beer (that) I've ever drunk. 这是我喝过的最好的啤酒。
That was the worst film (that) he had ever seen. 那是他看过的最糟糕的电影。
He is the kindest man (that) I 've ever met. 他是我碰到过的最善良的人。
That's the most ridiculous story I've ever heard. 这是我听过的最荒唐的故事。
It was the most expensive hotel we had ever stayed in. 这是我们住过的最贵的饭店。
That was the most tasty meal I've ever had. 那是我吃过的最可口的饭菜。
2) 最高级形容词也可单独使用，后面不跟表示比较的范围的修饰语：
Her oldest daughter is eleven years old. 她的大女儿十一岁。
Who is the tallest, Julia, Mary or Helen? 谁最高，是朱丽亚、玛丽还是海伦？
No one dared to raise the least objection. 没人敢提丁点反对意见。
Which is the nearest river? 哪一条是最近的河流？
Who picked the most apples? 谁摘的苹果最多？
Now we come to the most important thing. 现在我们来谈最重要的事。
The smallest ones live in trees. 最小的生活在树上。
3) 最高级形容词前面有时可有一个状语（a），有时有一个定语修饰（b）：
a． It was by far the best hospital I had ever seen. 这是我见过的最最好的医院。
It was of the very highest quality. 它的质量是最最高的。
That is much the worst stretch of motorway in this area. 那是这个地区最最糟糕的一段公路。
This is quite far the most expensive bicycle in the shop. 这是这家商店最最贵的自行车。
b． It's Japan's third largest city. 它是日本的第三大城市。
Hainan is China's second largest island. 海南是中国第二大岛。
He is the most suitable person imaginable. 他是能想到的最合适人选。
We will finish the work in the shortest possible time. 我们将在尽可能短的时间内完成这项工作。
14.4.8 形容词最高级的特殊用法
1) 形容词最高级可用作表语，这时定冠词the可以省略：
I think her plan is best. 我认为她的计划最好。
Cotton blankets are generally cheapest. 棉毛毯一般最便宜。
We are busiest on Mondays. 我们星期一最忙。
Her argument is most convincing. 她的论点最有说服力。
2) 形容词最高级前可以加a或不加冠词来表示“非常…”：
It is a most joyful occasion. 这是一个非常快乐的日子。
That was a most extraordinary thing. 这是一件很特别的事。
She is a most mysterious person. 她是个非常神秘的人。
He has been most kind to me. 他对我非常好。
We were all most anxious to go home. 我们都很想回家。
I should be most happy to help you. 我会非常高兴帮助你。
3) 形容词最高级还可和at构成短语作表语，表示“处于最…的状态”：
The peony was at its brightest. 牡丹花正在盛开。
She was at her happiest in her home in the country. 她在乡下家里时最高兴。
I knew she was at her worst. 我知道她这时情绪最糟。
She is never at her best in the presence of her mother. 在她妈跟前她的表现从来不是最好的。
4) 形容词最高级还可和at构成许多短语作状语：
He is , at best , a second-rate novelist.他充其量也就是个二流小说家。
I may not be good, but at least let me have a try. 我可能不算好，但至少让我试试。
He had been gone 15 minutes at the most. 他离开顶多才一刻钟。
I can't go to London till May 5th at the earliest. 我最早也要到五月五日才能去伦敦。
I'll be with you at latest by ten. 我最迟十点钟就来陪你。
14.5 名词化的形容词
14.5.1 “the+形容词”可以表示一类人
1) the可以和某些形容词一道表示一类人：
The poor get poorer;the rich get richer. 穷人更穷，富人更富。
The well-to-do had their cares also. 富裕的人也有他们的烦恼。
She was always good with the unfortunate. 她一向善待不幸的人。
They poisoned the minds of the young. 它们毒害青年人的头脑。
Forture favors the brave. （谚）命运青睐勇者。
He had a natural sympathy for the down-trodden. 他对被蹂躏者怀有天生的同情心。
Take care of the wounded and the dying. 救死扶伤。
The old and the young should be able to live together. 老年人和青年人应该能过到一起。
They are building a school for the deaf and the dumb. 他们正在盖一所聋哑学校。
He always sided with the oppressed and the exploited. 他总是站在被压迫和被剥削者一边。
The very wise avoid such temptation. 真正明智的人总是避开这种诱惑。
The injured were immediately taken to hospital. 伤者被立即送往医院。
The sick (elderly) must be cared for. 病人（老年人）应受照顾。
These provide shelters for the homeless. 这些为无家可归的人提供了栖身之处。
The living are more important to us than the dead. 对我们而言，生者比死者更重要。
2) the也可和某些表示国家民族的形容词一道表示“某国（民族）的人”：
The English have a wonderful sense of humour. 英国人幽默感很强。
The French like to eat well. 法国人喜欢吃得好。
the Chinese 中国人
the Japanese 日本人
the Swiss 瑞士人
the Spanish 西班牙人
the Welsh 威尔士人
the Dutch 荷兰人
从上例可以看出这样用的主要是一些以sh，ch，se，ss结尾的词。
这种结构间或指一个人，如：the accused （被告），the deceased（死者）。
14.5.2 “the+形容词”可表示一些事物或品质
the可加在某些形容词前表示一些事物或品质：
This was nothing out of the ordinary. 这并没有什么异乎寻常之处。
They would have to bow to the inevitable. 他们将不得不向无可避免的事（命运）低头。
He expected me to do the impossible. 他期待我做办不到的事。
The difficult we do at once. The impossible takes a little longer. 困难的事我们马上就做，不可能的事需要稍长一些时间。
We must be ready to cope with the unexpected. 我们必须准备应付预料不到的问题。
Let X be the unknown in this equation. 设X为这个方程式中的未知数。
Do you believe in the supernatural? 你相信有神奇古怪的事吗？
He is fond of writing about the unusual. 他喜欢写些古怪的题材。
She admires the mystical. 她喜欢神秘的东西。
We have to take the rough along with the smooth in life. 生活中好事坏事都得承受。
This policy is a mixture of the old and the new. 这项政策是新旧混合的产物。
14.5.3 包含名词化形容词的词组
1) 有不少词组中包含名词化形容词：
The killer remained at large for weeks. 那杀手好几周都逍遥法外。
Things were going from bad to worse between them. 他们之间的关系日益恶化。
I can't say for sure. 我说不准。
I know for certain that he has a car. 我确实知道他有一辆车。
He will leave the city for good. 他将永远离开这座城市。
He cuts my hairs for free. 他免费给我理发。
The National Broadcasting Company is called NBC for short. 国家广播公司简称NBC。
They are neighbours, for better for worse. 好歹他们是街坊。
I told him the story in full. 我给他讲了全部的故事。
The weather in Florida is warm in general. 佛罗里达的气候总的来说是暖和的。
In brief, Sophia was no longer a stranger. 简而言之，索菲娅已不再是陌生人了。
In short, they were happy together. 总之，他们在一起很快活。
She waited in vain, however. 然而，她白等了。
2) 有不少形容词最高级有时可以名词化：
We're not going to Japan. At least not for the present. 我们不准备去日本，至少目前不准备去。
My book will be out in a day or two, a week at most. 我的书一两天后就出版，至多一星期就出版。
You ought to hear at the latest by Friday. 最迟到周五你就会听到消息。
At the very most, she can't be more than eighteen. 她最多也就十八岁。
He thought that at worst he could get a scolding. 他想他最多只会挨一顿说。
At best we can do only half as much as last year. 最多我们只能完成去年工作量的一半。
She took leave of the party in the liveliest of spirits. 她兴高采烈地告别了晚会。
They were too poor to rent even the cheapest of houses. 他们穷到连最便宜的房子都租不起。
It was one of the most interesting of these discoveries. 这是这些发现中最有意思的一个。
15.1 副词的类型
15.1.1 副词的类型
副词大体上可分为下面几类：
● 时间副词（Adverbs of Time）
● 地点副词（Adverbs of Place）
● 方式副词（Adverbs of Manner）
● 程度副词（Adverbs of Degree）
● 强调副词（Emphasing Adverbs）
● 疑问副词（Interrogative Adverbs）
● 连接副词（Conjunctive Adverbs）
● 关系副词（Relative Adverbs）
● 句子副词（Sentence Adverbs）
15.1.2 时间副词
时间副词有三类：
1) 表示发生时间的副词：
It's beginning to rain now! 现在开始下雨了！
I haven't seen her recently. 最近我没见到她。
Will you be free tonight? 你今晚有空吗？
See you later. 回头见。
常见的这类副词有：
2) 表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词（Adverbs of Frequency）：
She is constantly changing her mind. 她老是改变主意。
We do m et now and then, but not regularly. 我们确实偶尔也见面，但不经常见面。
Lester rarely (seldom) left his room. 莱斯特很少离开他的房间。
He goes to see her continually. 他频繁地去看她。
这类副词常见的有：
3) 还有一些其他表示时间的副词：
I'll be back presently (shortly). 我一会儿就回来。
What decision did you finally arrive at? 你们最后作出了什么决定？
Nancy was up early. 南希很早就起来了。
He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。
常见的这类副词有：
15.1.3 地点副词
1) 有不少表示地点的副词：
She is studying abroad. 她在国外留学。
If he is not here, he's about somewhere. 如果他不在这儿，那就在附近什么地方。
They moved downtown. 他们搬到城里去了。
Then I went upstairs to bed. 然后我就上楼睡觉了。
常见的这类副词有：
2) 还有一些部分与介词同形的副词，有人称它们为副词小品词（Adverb Particles）。这些副词与介词同形，跟宾语的为介词，否则是副词：
用作介词 用作副词
* * *
* * *
The Dead Sea is below see level. 死海在海平面之下。 I could see the river down below. 我可以看到下方的那条河。
Don't stand so near the train. 不要站得离火车这么近。 He lives quite near. 他住得很近。
A cat climbed up the tree. 猫爬上了树。 Stand up! 起立！
He jumped off the horse. 他从马上跳了下来。 The bird flew off. 鸟儿飞走了。
这类副词主要有：
3) 还有一些地点副词表示地区范围等：
We have no shops locally. 我们在本地区没有商店。
Fortunately the news was not yet spread widely. 所幸这消息还没有四处传开。
Eight million people globally are infected with the virus. 全世界有八百万人染上了这种病毒。
The theory has been universally accepted. 这个理论已被普遍接受。
常见的这类副词有：
此外，以where构成的副词也是地点副词：
Let's go anywhere where it's quiet. 咱们去一个安静的地方吧。
Where did you go? ——Nowhere. 你去哪儿了？ ——哪儿也没去。
If she doesn't like it here, she can go elsewhere. 如果她不喜欢这里，她可以去别的地方。
It's the same everywhere. 到处都一样。
I seemed to have met you somewhere. 我似乎在哪儿见过你。
15.1.4 方式副词
英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）：
She gently refused to accept the gifts. 她委婉地拒绝接受那些礼物。
These countries were ruthlessly invaded. 这些国家受到残暴的侵略。
They hoped to see the problem settled peacefully. 他们希望看到这问题和平解决。
How beautifully your wife dances. 你夫人舞跳得真优美。
下面是一些常见的这类副词：
2) 还有相当多的副词，表示某些情绪：
This I gladly accepted. 这东西我高兴地接受了。
He shook hands eagerly with Sherlock Holmes. 他热切地与福尔摩斯握手。
She smiled gratefully. 她感激地笑了笑。
He looked at her sadly. 他凄然地看了看她。
下面是一些常见的这类副词；
3) 还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的情况：
The process was controlled automatically. 生产工序是自动控制的。
They trafficked in smuggled goods openly. 他们公开地贩卖走私货。
He left the town secretly. 他悄然离开了这座城市。
I only met her accidentally. 我只是偶然碰见她的。
常见的这类副词有：
4) 大部分方式副词都由形容词加-ly构成，但有少数不带-ly词尾：
I had to work all alone. 我得独自一人工作。
Do you buy wholesale or retail? 你是批发还是零售？
She was to fly solo the next day. 第二天她将作单人飞行。
He spoke impromptu. 他即席讲了话。
15.1.5 程度副词和强调副词
1) 程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程？”：
I'm extremely disappointed in him. 我对他极其失望。
He loved his mother dearly. 他深爱他的母亲。
I strongly object to your saying that. 我强烈反对你这样说话。
Is she badly hurt? 她伤得重吗？
常见的这类副词有：
这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词（a）或另一副词（b）：
a．fairly simple 相当简单
rather difficult 相当难
awfully sorry 非常抱歉
perfectly clear 十分清楚
highly confidential 高度机密的
quite correct 完全正确
utterly unreasonable 极不合理
truly grateful 确实很感激
b．fairly smoothly 相当顺利地
wonderfully well 好极了
know full(y) well 完全清楚
work quite hard 工作相当努力
run pretty fast 跑得相当快
speak exceedingly well 讲得极好
act quite right 做得完全对
do it very quickly 干得很快
2) 强调副词和程度副词很相近，有些就是程度副词。它们主要对所修饰的动词（a）、形容词（b）加以强调：
a．I quite agree. 我完全同意。
He knew absolutely nothing. 他是毫无所知的。
Your attitude simply amazes me. 你的态度简直使我吃惊。
b．You're entirely wrong. 你完全错了。
She's perfectly correct. 她完全正确。
The food is just wonderful. 这饭菜简直好极了。
这类副词主要有：
3) much是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以：
a． 修饰动词（特别是用在否定句中）：
She didn't talk much. 她不怎么说话。
I don't much like the idea. 我不太喜欢这个想法。
Thank you very much. 非常感谢你。
Do you go to the cinema much? 你常去看电影吗？
b． 修饰形容词等：
I'm much obliged to you for telling me. 非常感谢你告诉了我。
