VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.21
He used to be a radical and has thought better of it. 他以前是个激进分子，后来改变了看法。
He was going to answer me back, but he thought better of it. 他本想和我顶嘴的，但没有这样做。
6) had best最好：
I had best fax them our plans. 我最好把我们的计划传真给他们。
I had best have your opinions first. 我最好先听听你的意见。
We had best get home before midnight. 我们最好午夜以前到家。
15.4 副词的位置
15.4.1 一般副词的位置
1) 多数副词都放在所修饰动词后面（a）或句末（宾语或状语后面）（b）：
a． It's raining hard. 雨下得很大。
They lived happily ever after. 从此他们过上了幸福的生活。
She moved about gracefully. 她优雅地走来走去。
He speaks (behaves) naturally. 他讲话（举止）很自然。
b． He gave her the money reluctantly. 他不情愿地把钱给了她。
He looked at me suspiciously. 他用怀疑的目光看着我。
She doesn't work here now. 她现在不在这里工作了。
I'll come and see you tomorrow. 我明天来看你。
2) 有时放在主语和动词之间，这时有三种情况：
a． 宾语较长时，副词常常提前（以免副词离动词太远）：
He carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass. 他仔细地把碎玻璃都捡了起来。
He angrily denied that he had stolen the documents. 他气愤地否认窃取了文件。
They secretly decided to leave the town. 他们秘密决定离开这座城市。
The firemen bravely went into the burning house. 消防队员勇敢地冲进熊熊燃烧的房子。
b． 有些说明性格或智力的副词，常可放在动词前面：
I foolishly forgot my passport. 我愚蠢地忘了带护照。
He generously paid for us all. 他大方地替大家付了钱。
He kindly waited for me. 他好心地等候我们。
They warmly welcomed us at the door. 他们在门口热烈欢迎我们。
c． 有些副词，如suddenly，soon，nearly，surely，almost，just，still，really等，常可以放在动词前面：
I almost forgot about the whole thing. 我几乎把整个这件事给忘了。
She suddenly fell ill. 她突然病了。
He nearly died of starvation. 他差点饿死。
I still don't understand. 我还是不懂。
3) 有些副词常放在助动词和主要动词之间（a）或主语和表语之间（b）：
a． I'm still waiting for an answer. 我还在等待答复。
I've just returned from Shanghai. 我刚从上海回来。
She's already gone home. 她已经回家了。
b． The meeting is just over. 会刚结束。
She was still weak after her long illness. 她久病之后身子还很虚弱。
Then she was already out of his mind. 这时他已不想她了。
4) 有些副词为了强调可放在句首：
Indoors it was nice and warm. 室内非常暖和舒服。
Recently I haven't been feeling very well. 最近我感到身子不太舒服。
Indeed the note has disappointed me. 的确这条子使我很失望。
Really, it needs watering. 真的它该浇水了。
Apparently, he knew the town well. 显然他很熟悉这座城市。
15.4.2 频度副词的位置
1) 频度副词通常放在下面三个位置：
a． 放在动词前面：
They sometimes stay up all night. 他们有时彻夜不眠。
She never saw him again. 她再也没见到他。
He seldom watches TV. 他很少看电视。
I usually go to bed at eleven. 我通常十一点睡觉。
b． 放在助动词后面（主要动词前面）：
He can never understand that. 他永远理解不了这一点。
I have often thought of you. 我常常想到你。
Have you ever ridden a camel? 你骑过骆驼吗？
Does she often come to see you? 她常来看你吗？
c． 如句子里有系动词be，则通常放在be后面：
He's always at home in the evening. 他晚上总在家。
She's often late. 她常常迟到。
He's seldom out of pain. 他很少有不疼的时候。
His thoughts were frequently on her. 他经常想到她。
2) 频度副词有时可放在其他位置：
a． 为了强调可放在句首：
Always, we went on foot. 我们总是步行去。
Occasionally he came to see us. 偶尔他来看望我们。
Often I didn't see her until the evening. 常常我要到晚上才看到她。
Generally she remained in on weekdays. 一般周日她都待在家里。
Sometimes we're busy and sometimes we're not. 我们有时很忙，有时不忙。
b． 有时为了强调，可放在情态动词、助动词及动词be前面：
We usually don't get up until nine on Sundays. 星期天我们通常九点才起床。
He never would go to a doctor, he didn't believe in them. 他从不去看医生，他不相信他们。
She hardly ever has met him. 她几乎从未见过他。
I never can remember telephone numbers. 我从来记不住电话号码。
He always is late when we've an important meeting. 我们有重要会议时，他总是迟到。
c． 间或也可放在句末：
I have endless occupation always. 我总是有做不完的事。
I don't see her often. 我不常见她。
He comes over to see us sometimes. 他有时过来看望我们。
Lester came only occasionally. 莱斯特只是偶尔来。
I should certainly visit her frequently to cheer her up. 我确实应当经常去看她，让她高兴起来。
15.4.3 某些类副词的位置
1) 疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词通常都在句子或从句的开头：
How are things going? 情况如何？
That's how I look at it. 这就是我的看法。
The first thing is to find out where she is. 首先得打听她在哪儿。
We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。
Here are the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们这样做的原因。
2) 句子副词一般放在句首：
Maybe he would come round yet. 或许他会回心转意。
Actually, she had altered much less than I. 实际上她的变化比我小。
Fortunately, he found the money he'dlost. 幸好他找到了丢失的钱。
Surely you'll stay for dinner. 你一定留下吃晚饭。
有时也可放在其他位置，如：
She actually expected me to do it for her. 她实际上是指望我替她干。
There has evidently been some mistake. 显然哪儿出了岔子。
You must know Bulla, surely! 你肯定认识波拉，没错的！
3) 程度副词都放在所修饰的词前面：
I'm awfully sorry for what has happened. 发生了这事我非常抱歉。
We are getting along fairly well. 我们相处得相当好。
She was extremely friendly. 她极为友好。
I wasn't much surprised. 我并不太吃惊。
4) 有些副词位置很灵活，如only和even，可放在与它们意思最密切的词之前：
only：
Only he knows some English. 只有他懂些英语。
He can only read. He can't speak. 他只会看，不会说。
She speaks only French. 她只会讲法语。
I'll stay only for two days. 我只能待两天。
There were only five girls in our class. 我们班上只有五个女生。
even：
Even my father doesn't know this word. 连我父亲都不认识这个词。
She even helped us to do our housework. 她甚至帮助我们做家务。
Even at night he seldom relaxed. 即使在晚上他也很少休息。
It was cold even in August. 即使在八月这儿也很冷。
He was afraid to take even a drink of water. 他连一口水都不敢喝。
He looked happy, even gay. 他显得高兴，甚至很快活。
16.1 介词分类
16.1.1 介词按结构的分类
从结构上看，介词可以分为下面几类：
1) 简单介词（Simple Prepositions）：
2) 合成介词（Compound Prepositions）：
3) 带-ing词尾的介词（-ing Prepositions）：
4) 成语介词（Phrasal Prepositions）：
以上成语都起着与介词同样的作用，因此许多语法学家把它们称作成语介词。
16.1.2 介词按意思的分类
从意思上考虑，介词可分为下面三类：
1) 引导时间短语的介词：
2) 引导地点短语的介词：
3) 引导其他短语的介词：
16.2 介词短语在句子中的作用
16.2.1 介词短语
介词不能单独担任一个成分，必须构成介词短语来担任一个成分。能和介词构成短语的有下面这些：
1) 名词：
Who's knocking at the door? 谁在敲门？
I put the calculator into my pocket. 我把计算器放到口袋里。
2) 代词：
I'm looking for something (her). 我在找东西（她）。
You're always thinking of others. 你总是为别人着想。
3) 动名词：
Are you interested in going with us? 你有兴趣和我们一道去吗？
I strongly object to your saying that. 我坚决反对你这样说话。
4) 由连接代（副）词或关系代词型what引导的从句：
He thought over what he had better do. 他想了想他最好怎么办。
She was grateful to him for what he had done. 她为他所做的事而感激他。
5) 由连接代（副）词引导的不定式短语：
She gave a talk on how to fight the disease. 她作了一个报告，讲如何同这种疾病作斗争。
The discussion centered on how to increase production. 讨论围绕着如何增产而进行。
6) 另一个介词：
I saw her from across the street. 我从街对面看到她。
We never play bridge until after dinner. 我们只在晚饭后打桥牌。
7) 副词或形容词：
I heard someone calling me from below. 我听见有人在下面叫我。
My English is far from perfect. 我的英语远不是完美的。
8) 复合结构：
I had no objection to Dinny marrying him. 我不反对丁妮和他结婚。
The policy of land to the tillers was finally put into effect. 最后实行了耕者有其田的政策。
在个别情况下，介词后面还可跟where和that引导的从句（a），甚至跟带to或不带to的不定式（b）：
a． The car stopped only a few inches from where I stood. 汽车在离我站的地方仅几英寸处停了下来。
He is a good student except that he is occasionally careless. 他是一个好学生，只是有时粗心大意。
b． I had no alternative but to walk out. 我别无他法只好走出去。
She can do everything except cook. 她什么都会，就是不会做饭。
介词后的宾语可称为为介词宾语（Prepositional Object）。
16.2.2 介词短语作状语
1) 介词短语作状语时最多，主要修饰谓语：
I arrived at the concert hall in good time. 我及时到达了音乐厅。
At first he opposed the marriage, but in the end he gave his consent. 起先他反对这门亲事，但最后同意了。
He has been here since Monday. 从星期一起，他一直在这里。
Bake it for two hours. 把它烘烤两小时。
They flew (cycled) from Paris to Rome. 他们乘飞机（骑自行车）从巴黎到罗马。
We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。
2)“be+形容？”这种结构也常跟介词短语：
She is afraid of dogs. 她怕狗。
We were eager for news. 我们急于得到消息。
I'm not so bad at bridge. 我打桥牌还不错。
She is used to a vegetarian diet. 她习惯于吃素食。
He is familiar with the district. 他对这个地区很熟悉。
I'm sorry about the air tickets. 机票的事我很抱歉。
3) 还可用介词短语修饰非谓语动词：
I asked to speak to the dean. 我要求和院长说话。
I'm sorry to have trodden on your foot. 对不起踩了你的脚。
Thank you for doing this for us. 谢谢你帮我们做了这事。
There was a bird perching on the television aerial. 有只鸟停在电视天线上。
Have you read any plays written by Ibsen? 你读过易卜生写的剧本吗？
Around the city were mountains covered by snow. 该城周围是白雪覆盖的群山。
16.2.3 介词短语作定语
1) 在不少情况下也可用介词短语作定语：
She seems to know the solution to the problem. 她似乎知道这问题的解决方法。
Here is a cheque for $ 30. 这是一张三十美元的支票。
What are the major differences between British English and AmericanEnglish? 英国英语和美国英语有什么主要差别？
The house opposite ours was burnt down last week. 我们家对面的房子上星期烧毁了。
They lived in a flat above the shop. 他们住在那家商店上面的一套公寓里。
The man next to Bill was talking to him in Spanish. 比尔旁边的那个人在用西班牙语说话。
2) 有些介词常可引导短语作定语：
of：
a child of six 六岁的孩子
a pupil of English 学英语的学生
a boy of middle height 中等身材的男孩
a lady of character 有个性的女子
a congress of unity 团结的大会
a professor of phonetics 语音学教授
men of easy temper 脾气好的男子
a man of immense capacity 能力很强的人
a gentleman about sixty years 年约六十的一位先生
an hour of danger 危险时刻
an act of friendship 友好的行动
fishes of many sizes 大大小小的鱼
things of great value 很有价值之物
a member of great importance 要员
a house of red bricks 红色砖房
with：
a child with dark eyes 黑眼珠的孩子
a boy with red hair 红头发的男孩
a girl with a pigtail 梳辫子的姑娘
a man with a gun 带枪的人
a widow with 3 children 有三个孩子的寡妇
a man with a moustache 留着小胡子的男人
a clerk with glasses 戴眼镜的职员
a jacket with a hood 带帽兜的夹克
a man with suitcase 提着箱子的人
a house with a garden 带花园之房
in：
the girl in blue 穿蓝衣裳的姑娘
a man in his 40s 四十多岁的男子
a boy in khaki shorts 穿咔叽短裤的男孩
a report in preparation 正在撰写的报告
a mistake in tactics 战术错误
an exam in math 数学考试
a Ph D in economics 经济学博士
a novel in translation 翻译小说
a request in reason 合理的请求
a policeman in disguise 便衣警察
to：
an answer to a puzzle 谜底
a reply to his letter 给他的复信
damage to the house 对房子的损害
devotion to parents 对父母的热爱
his fidelity to his wife 他对妻子的忠诚
her contribution to science 她对科学的贡献
her attachment to her mother 她对母亲的依恋
an introduction to botany 植物学概论
the key to this lock 这把锁的钥匙
secretary to a doctor 医生的秘书
for：
a war for profits 利润战
a medicine for colds 感冒药
a machine for making boxes 制盒机
a passion for sports 对体育的热爱
enthusiasm for music 对音乐的热情
room for improvement 改进的余地
a thirst for knowledge 求知欲
sympathy for orphans 对孤儿的同情
a change for the better 好转
his hunger for power 他的权利欲
about：
doubts about his ability 对他能力的怀疑
news about their progress 他们进展的消息
illusions about wealth 对财富的幻想
information about Paris 关于巴黎的情况
my opinion about it 我对它的看法
a debate about the question 关于这问题的辩论
an agreement about trade 贸易协定
a dispute about where to go 关于到哪里去的争论
my idea about friendship 我对友谊的看法
16.2.4 介词短语作表语或作宾语的补语
1) 介词短语用作表语时也很多，几乎大部分常用介词都可这样用：
The museum is just across the street. 博物馆就在街对面。
He knows what she is after. 他知道她追求的是什么。
What's the article about? 这篇文章是讲什么的？
I assumed that she was above reproach. 我认为她不应受到责备。
It was against the law. 这是违法的。
He was among the first to arrive. 他是首批到达的。
He didn't feel at ease. 他感到心神不宁。
The workers are behind them and that's their strength. 工人们支持他们，这就是他们的力量所在。
My position in the firm was below his. 我在公司的职位比他低。
It is by one of our most celebrated painters. 它是我们最著名画家之一的作品。
"It's for you." He handed it to me. 他把它递给我说，“这是给你的？”
This music is from Mozart's operas. 这音乐选自莫扎特的歌剧。
The poor girl was in tears. 可怜的女孩泪流满面。
His opinion was near my own. 他的看法和我自己的看法差不多。
We are like brothers and sisters. 我们就像兄弟姐妹。
Jack is of the same opinion. 杰克也持同样的看法。
She's off smoking. 她已戒烟了。
They're always on the lookout for new investment opportunities. 他们总在寻找投资机会。
The post office is just round the corner. 邮局就在拐角处。
They have been through too much. 他们受的苦太多了。
It's not within my power. 这超出了我的能力。
His face was without expression. 他脸上毫无表情。
It's worth trying, isn't it? 这值得一试，对吧？
2) 许多介词可构成短语作表语：
at：
He's at odds with his wife. 他和妻子不合。
Bus services were at a halt. 公共汽车停驶了。
She's at her worst. 她情绪糟透了。
Summer is at its height. 正值盛夏。
The flower was at its brightest. 花开得正艳。
She was at her happiest here. 她在这里最高兴。
She was at the end of her resources. 她智竭计穷。
He was at a disadvantage. 他处于不利地位。
He was at his meal. 他在吃饭。
She was at a loss. 她不知所措。
They were at school together. 他们是同学。
The country was at war. 该国在打仗。
Business was at a standstill. 业务停顿了下来。
He's at his work now. 他此刻正在工作。
beyond：
The road is beyond that hill. 公路在山那边。
Good advice's beyond price. 有益的忠告是无价之宝。
The explanation is beyond me. 这解释我不懂。
He's beyond my control. 他是我控制不了的。
This is beyond my means. 这超过了我的财力。
The results were beyond dispute. 结果不容争议。
The rumour's beyond belief. 这谣言不可信。
Our stand is beyond reproach. 我们的立场是无可厚非的。
The scene is beyond description. 那景色无法形容。
He is beyond redemption. 他已不可救药了。
in：
He's still in danger. 他仍在危险期。
All was in ruins. 成了一片废墟。
She's in good health. 她身体很好。
The room is in disorder. 房间很乱。
His mind's in confusion. 他脑子很乱。
The roses are in bloom. 玫瑰开花了。
The letter was in French. 信是用法语写的。
The Labor Party was in power. 工党当政。
Congress is in session. 国会在开会。
They were in flight. 他们在逃窜。
He's heavily in debt. 他负债累累。
He's in good spirits. 他情绪很好。
She was in despair. 她绝望了。
I'm in doubt about it. 我对此有怀疑。
I'm in earnest. 我是认真的。
You're in the right. 你是对的。
of：
She's of middle height.她中等身材。
He is of feeble will. 他意志薄弱。
He is of a different way of thinking. 他是另一种思路。
Is it of any use to you? 这对你有用吗？
It's of no value. 这毫无价值。
But it was of no avail. 但这没有用。
The gown was of red velvet. 这袍子是红色丝绒的。
It won't be of real benefit to her. 它对她没有真正的好处。
She's of peculiar disposition. 她性格很特别。
He was of an excitable temperament. 他是好激动的性格。
on：
He was always on the move. 他总是东奔西跑。
She is on tour in Europe. 她在欧洲旅行。
He is on guard. 他在站岗。
They're on holiday. 他们在度假。
Crimes are on the rise. 犯罪率在上升。
She was on piece-work. 她在做计件工作。
He's always on the go. 他总是忙忙碌碌。
The dockers are on strike. 码头工人在罢工。
Who's on the phone? 谁来电话？
Is he on board yet? 他上船了吗？
She's on diet. 她在节食。
He was on his round. 他在查病房。
He's on night duty. 他值夜班。
