VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.22
The show is on the air. 演出在转播。
out of：
He's out of work. 他失业了。
I'm a bit out of sorts. 我有点不舒服。
He's out of breath. 他气喘吁吁。
He is out of humor. 他情绪不佳。
She must be out of her senses.她准是发疯了。
She was soon out of patience. 她很快就失去了耐心。
We're out of touch with her. 我们和她失去了联系。
Rest was out of the question. 休息根本谈不上。
The grocer was out of coffee. 杂货店咖啡卖完了。
She's a bit out of practice. 她有点荒疏了。
Pears are out of season. 梨下市了。
We're out of flour. 我们没面粉了。
The car is out of repair. 车坏了。
I am out of element. 我不适应环境。
We are out of food. 我们已断粮。
The book is out of print. 书已绝版。
under：
He's under forty. 他不到四十。
The road is under repair. 路在维修。
It's under examination. 这问题正在审查。
The fort was under attack. 要塞正受到攻击。
It is under review. 这事在审核。
He's under a strain. 他很累。
The matter is under consideration. 这事正在考虑。
The bridge is under construction. 桥正在修建。
He was under an anaesthetic.他处于麻醉状态。
I'm a bit under the weather. 我感到有点不适。
He was under fire. 他受到批评。
He was under age. 他还未成年。
The land is under water. 土地被淹了。
You're under arrest. 你被捕了。
3) 介词短语有时可作宾语的补语（一道构成复合宾语）：
We found her in better spirits that evening. 那天晚上我们发现她情绪好些了。
They found the boy already in the hands of a doctor. 他们发现那男孩已有医生照顾。
They kept the man in custody. 他们把这人拘留了。
He always considers himself in the right. 他总认为自己是对的。
He thought it beneath him to do such a thing. 他认为这种事不屑一做。
I saw George at work. 我看见乔治在干活。
We could hear the children at play outside. 我们可以听见孩子们在外面玩耍。
A cold kept him in bed for three days. 感冒使他卧床三天。
16.3 由介词构成的成语动词和介词成语
16.3.1 由介词构成的成语动词
由介词构成的成语动词主要有两类：
1) 动词+介词：
agree with 同意（某人意见）
agree to 同意（某种安排等）
answer for 对…负责
appear for 为…出庭
ask for 要求得到（见某人等）
bank on 依靠
bear with 容忍
break with 和…断绝关系
burst into (tears) 突然（哭起来）
call for 来找（某人），要求，需要
come across 碰到
come by 得到
count on 指望
enter for 参与（比赛等）
fly into (a rage) 勃然（大怒）
get into 碰到（困难等）
get over 克服，（病）愈
get about 干（活），履行（职责等）
go after 追求
go into 调查
hang on 取决于
head for 向…前进
hit on 想起（某主意）
jump at 立即接受
keep at 继续（干某事）
keep from 避免（做某事）
live on 靠…生活
look after 照顾，照看
look for 找寻
look into 调查
make after 追赶
pass for 冒充（某人）
press for 要求
run across (into) 碰到
run into 碰到（困难）
run through 用完
see about 负责处理
see through 看破
stand by 支持
stand for 主张
stand on (ceremony)客气
stick to 坚持
touch on 提到（某问题）
wait on 招待
2) 动词+副词+介词：
back on to 背后是
boil down to 归结是
break out into 出（疹子）
brush up on 复习
come across with 讲出来
come down on 斥责
come in for 受到（批评）
come out against 表示反对
come out with 推出（产品等）
come up against 碰到
come up to 达到（水平）
come up with 提出（建议等）
cry out against 大声疾呼地反对
do away with 废除
face up to 面对
fall back on 转而依靠
fall behind with 迟迟未交（房租）
feel up to 感到想（做某事）
get away with （犯罪）不受惩罚
get down to 开始认真考虑
get on for 快到（某时）
get on with 继续进行（某事）
give on to 面对（花园等）
go back on （说了话）不遵守
go in for 从事（某项活动）
go off with 和…私奔
go through with 把…进行到底
keep up with 跟上（发展）
live up to 达到（期望）
look down on 看不起
look forward to 盼望
look out for 当心
look up to 敬重（某人）
make up for 弥补
make up to 拍…马屁
put up with 忍受
run out of 用完
run up against 碰到
stand out against 坚决反对
stand out for 坚决要求
stand up to 面对（危险等）
stick out for 坚持要求
关于成语动词可参阅7.1.6和13.3.4节及附录1。
16.3.2 介词成语
1) 除了成语动词，英语中还有大量成语由介词构成，单是一些常用介词就可构成大量成语：
at：
at a stretch 一连，连续地
at a time 一次，每次
at all costs 不惜一切代价
at all events 不管怎样
at all hazards 不顾一切危险
at any rate 不管怎样
at ease 稍息，安心
at fault 有错误
at first 最初，开始时
at first sight 一见（钟情）
at hand 不远，快到
at heart 在内心
at home 在家，随便
at large 逍遥法外，未被关注
at last 最后
at least 至少
at leisure 从容不迫地
at length 最后，详细地
at liberty 自由，有权（做某事）
at the moment 此刻
at most 至多
at once 立即，同时
at one blow (stroke)一下子
at one's fingertips 非常熟悉
at one's service 听候吩咐
at one's wit's end 计穷，没有办法
at peace (war) 处于和平（战争）状态
at play (work) 在玩耍（工作）
at present 现在，目前
at random 随意地，胡乱地
at sea 茫然，不知所措
at the earliest (latest) 至早（迟）
at the outset 从一开头
at the risk of 冒…的危险
at the same time （与此）同时
at the start 一开头
at the time 此刻，这时
at the top of one's voice 高声地
at times 有时候
at will 任意地
by：
by accident 偶然
by air 航空
by all means 想一切办法
by any chance 碰巧，恰好
by birth 出身…
by bus (plane, etc.) 坐巴士（飞机等）
by chance 偶然
by cheque 用支票
by credit card 用信用卡
by choice 出于自愿
by daylight 在大白天
by day (night) 白天（夜间）
by far 最最（修饰最高级）
by dint of 通过（下功夫）
by force 靠武力
by fits and starts 干一干停一停
by leaps and bounds 飞跃地
by hook or by crook 想一切办法
by mistake 错误地，误把…
by means of 借助
by post 邮（寄）
by no means 绝不，一点也不
by turns 轮流
by stages (degrees) 分阶段地（一步步地）
by surprise 突然，出其不意
by virtue of 由于（某些优越处）
by the way 顺便说一句
in：
in a nutshell 概括地说，总之
in a row 一连
in a sense 从某种意义上说
in accordance with 按照，根据
in addition (to) 此外（除…之外）
in advance 事前
in all 总共
in any case (event) 不管怎样，反正
in brief 简而言之
in case 要是，如果
in case of 在…情况下
in comparison 比较起来
in danger 处于危险中
in debt 负债
in demand 有需求
in depth 深入地
in detail 详细地
in doubt （对…）有怀疑
in fact 实际上
in full 全部地，全文地
in general 一般说来
in ink (pencil) 用钢笔（铅笔）写
in love 在恋爱
in no time 很快（就…）
in one's opinion 在（某人）看来
in order (disorder) 井井有条（很乱）
in order to (that) 以便，为了
in other words 换句话说
in part(s) 部分地
in person 亲自
in practice 实际上
in public (private) 公开（私下）地
in regard to 关于
in return 回过来，作为报答
in short 总之
in so far as 就…来说
in spite of 尽管
in terms of 就…来说
in that 在…方面，因为
in the course of 在…过程中
in the dark 蒙在鼓里，不知情
in the day time 在白天
in the end 最后
in the event of 如果发生（某事）
in (the) face of 在…面前
in the least 一点（也不）
in the long run 从长远来说
in the main 一般来说
in the mean time 与此同时，在此期间
in the middle of 在…中间
in time 及时地，经过一段时间
in the nick of time 正好及时
in turn 轮流
in vain 白白地，没有结果
in view of 考虑到…
on：
on account of 由于
on approval 允许退货
on average 平均
on behalf of 代表（某人）
on board 在船（飞机）上
on business 出差，办事
on condition 在…条件下
on credit 赊购
on the decline 在衰退中
on the decrease 在减少中
on demand 在要求支付时
on display 展出
on duty 值班
on fire 着火
on foot 步行
on guard 有警惕，值班
on hand 在身边
on holiday 在休假
on no account 绝不
on one's chest 有心事
on one's mind 在想某事
on one's own 独立地
on purpose 故意地
on sale 在出售
on strike 罢工，罢课
on the contrary 相反
on the mend 在痊愈（改善）中
on the (tele) phone 在接（打）电话
on the point of 正要（做某事）
on the run 东跑西颠，正在逃窜
on the spot 就地
on the spur of the moment 即兴
on the way 在路上
on time 准时
on top of 在…上面
on trial 正在受审
out of：
out of action 失灵
out of breath 气喘吁吁
out of control 失去控制
out of danger 脱（离危）险
out of date 过时
out of doors 在户外
out of element 格格不入
out of fashion 不时新
out of favor 失宠
out of focus 对焦不准
out of hand 失去控制
out of humor 情绪不佳
out of keeping (with) 和…不协调
out of luck 倒霉，运气不佳
out of one's mind 不想（某事）
out of order 坏了
out of pain 没有疼痛
out of patience 失去耐心
out of place 格格不入，不合适
out of practice 荒疏
out of print 不再印行
out of reach 无法得到（拿到）
out of season 下市了
out of senses 头脑不正常
out of service 退役，不再使用
out of shape 变形
out of sight 看不见
out of sorts 身子不舒服
out of step 不合拍
out of stock 售罄
out of sympathy 不同情
out of temper 发脾气
out of the ordinary 不同寻常
out of the question 不可能
out of touch (with) 和…失去联系
out of tune 走调
out of use 不再使用
out of work 失业
2) 有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语：
day after day 日复一日地
year after year 年复一年地
one after another 一个接一个地
one by one 一个接一个
little by little 一点一点地
side by side 并肩
step by step 一步步地
face to face 面对面
arm in arm 手挽手地
hand in hand 手牵手地
hand in glove 互相勾结
hand over fist 大量赚（赔）钱
head above water （生意）能维持
head over heels 倒栽葱
day to day日常的
day by day 一天一天地
day before yesterday 前天
day after tomorrow 后天
heart in one's mouth 提心吊胆
heart-to-heart 互相交心的
3) 还有一些成语包含两个介词：
from beginning to end 从头至尾
from bad to worse 越来越糟
from time to time 不时地
from head to foot 从头到脚，浑身
from morning to night 从早到晚
from start to finish 从头至尾
from door to door 挨门挨户地
from top to bottom 整个地，彻底
from place to place 到各地
from hand to mouth 勉强糊口
from generation to generation 一代一代地
from cover to cover （书）全部地，从头到尾
4) 此外，“be+形容词+介？”也是一类成语：
be found of 喜欢
be full of 充满
be interested in 对…有兴趣
be keen on 热衷于
be confident in 对…有信心
be short of 缺乏
be sick of 厌恶
be proud of 对…感到骄傲
be loyal to 对…忠诚
be ashamed of 为…感到羞耻
be worried about 为…担心
be allergic to 对…过敏
be satisfied with 对…感到满意
be aware of 意识到
be busy with 忙于（某事）
be different from 和…不同
be sympathetic with 对…同情
be capable of 能干某事
be famous for 因…而出名
be curious about 对…好奇
关于各介词短语和成语动词的用法可参阅《现代英语用法辞典》（外研社出版）。
17.1 概 说
17.1.1 连词的作用
连词是一种虚词，不能担任一个句子成分，但可以起连接的作用，即连接词与词或句与句，例如：
We may be leaving today or tomorrow. 我们可能今天或是明天走。（连接词与词）
Now I must go or I shall be late for the party. 我现在得走，否则晚会我就要迟到了。（连接句与句）
连词数量有限，却很重要，许多从句由它引导，单是that这个连词就可引导许多类从句，如：
That she should have ignored the realistic world was natural. 她忽视现实世界是很自然的。（引导主语从句）
He phoned me that he wanted to see me. 他给我打电话说要见我。（引导宾语从句）
Your fault is that you're too careless. 你的毛病是过于粗心。（引导表语从句）
He came to the decision that he must act at once. 他决定必须马上行动。（引导同位语从句）
I am hopeful that he will come. 我希望他能来。（引导状语从句）
Bring it closer that I may see better. 拿近点让我看得清楚些。
还可把句子联系得更紧密，使句子更紧凑：
Honey is sweet, but the bee stings. 蜂蜜很甜，但蜜蜂会蜇人。
The manager was sick so I went in his place. 经理生病了，因此我代他去了。
17.1.2 连词的种类
连词有两类：
1) 从属连词（Subordinating Conjunctions）：
这类连词都引导从句。随着从句作用不同，它们又可分为几类：
此外还有that，whether等从属连词可引导名词从句，在句中担任主语、宾语等。
2) 并列连词（Coordinating Conjunctions）：
并列连词连接两个互不依从的词、短语或分句：
Slow but sure. 要慢而稳。（连接单词）
She'll be back either this week or next week. 她将在这周或下周回来。（连接短语）
I went and she went also. 我去了，她也去了。（连接分句）
并列连词有下面几类：
17.2 从属连词
17.2.1 引导时间状语从句的连词
这类连词主要有：
when：
Don't get excited when you talk. 讲话时别激动。
When he got up he felt dizzy. 他站起身时感到头晕。
When he comes I'll tell him about it. 他来时我将把这事告诉他。
We were going to the zoo when we met her. 我们去动物园时碰到了她。
We wear plimsolls when doing physical exercises. 我们体育锻炼时穿帆布球鞋。
He gave good practical advice when asked. 向他请教时他总出一些切实可行的好主意。
Often she would weep when alone. 她一人独处时常常哭泣。
while：
We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。
While she ate she grew more restless. 她一边吃一边变得更加忐忑不安。
While the discussion was going on Peter came in. 讨论正进行时彼得走了进来。
While I was having dinner Ann was packing. 我吃饭时安在收拾行李。
While doing so, we decided to sell the boat. 在这样做时，我们决定把船卖掉。
He had an accident while on his way here. 在来这里的路上他出了车祸。
as：
As he spoke two men came up. 在他讲话时两个人走了过来。
As she was leaving, Mr White saw her. 她正要走时怀特先生看见了她。
He smiled as he passed. 他经过时笑了笑。
As she sang tears ran down her cheeks. 她唱歌时眼泪簌簌而下。
Even as a boy he was hopeless at maths. 他小时候数学就很差。
before：
Look before you leap.（谚）三思而后行。
It will be five years before we meet again. 要五年后咱们才能再相见。
It wasn't long before he told us about it. 不久他就把这事告诉我们了。
I slipped out before the lecture started. 不等讲座开始我就溜了出来。
Just before I left London I sent him a telegraph. 就在离开伦敦前我给他发了一份电报。
after：
I arrived after he had left. 在他走后我到了。
After he had said a few words, I took his floor. 他讲了几句话之后我开始发言。
Soon after we returned, the child vomited. 我们回来不久孩子就吐了。
I'll tell them after you have left. 你走后我再告诉他们。
until，till：
We danced and danced until they all joined in. 我们不停地跳舞直到他们都参加进来。
Go away until I have finished speaking to your father. 离开一下，直到我和你父亲谈完。
It was not until I saw her next morning that I felt happy. 直到第二天早上见到她我才感到高兴。
I'll take no steps until you arrive. 你来之前我不会采取什么行动。
I propose waiting till the police get here. 我建议等警察来了再说。
He determined to stay till (until) the year was up. 他决心住满一年。
since：
How long is it since you came to London? 你到伦敦有多久了？
He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 我生病以来他从未来看过我。
Since Marie had left, Martha had married. 玛丽走后，玛莎结婚了。
It was years since I had seen her. 我有好多年没见到她了。
whenever：
You can borrow my car whenever you want. 你随时可以借我的车。
I go and visit him whenever I'm in town. 我每次进城都去看他。
Whenever he stayed home he went to bed early. 每当待在家里，他早早就睡觉了。
Whenever anyone was ill he installed himself as sick-nurse. 谁要是病了，他就充当护士。
Whenever possible, they play outside. 一有机会他们就到外面玩耍。
2) 还有一些其他类型的时间状语从句，例如：
Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来请把门关上。
Did he tell you anything important the last time he saw you? 上次他见到你时告诉你什么重要的事吗？
Now (that) you're well again you can travel. 既然你身体又好了，可以出去旅行。
Once you have learned Spanish you will find Italian easy. 一旦你学了西班牙语你就会觉得意大利语很容易了。
Immediately she entered, his eyes lit up. 她一进来，他的眼睛就亮了起来。
She'll come over as soon as I've settled down. 我一定居下来她就会来。
No sooner had she arrived than she began to complain. 她刚一到就开始抱怨。
The moment he spoke I recognized his voice. 他一说话我就听出了他的声音。
Hardly had we got out when it began to snow. 我们刚出门天就开始下雪了。
Scarcely had I come in when the phone rang. 我刚一进门电话就响了。
这些句子中的某些词（组）起着连词的作用（如as soon as，no sooner...than，the moment...，hardly...），有的词甚至已变为连词（如immediately，now，now that）。
17.2.2 引导条件状语从句的连词
1) 条件状语从句主要由if，unless，supposing（suppose）引导：
if：
I must leave if that's the case. 如果情况如此我就得走了。
