VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.24
He never smokes or drinks. 他从不抽烟喝酒。
b． 名词、形容词等：
Father and son went to New York by a morning train. 父子两人坐早上的火车去了纽约。
She was sweet and amiable. 她甜美和蔼。
Read it slowly and clearly. 念慢一点，清楚一点。
Would you like fish or beef? 你要鱼还是牛肉？
It's now or never, shall we chance it? 机不可失，时不再来。咱们要不要碰碰运气？
c． 两个并列的分句 （句子）：
I said it and I meant it. 我说话算话。
He had plenty of money and he spent it freely. 他很有钱，花起来很随便。
Do you want a bath at once, or shall I have mine first? 你想马上洗澡，还是我先洗？
Do you want to leave now or would you rather set off later? 你想现在就走，还是愿意晚点出发？
2) and可连接两个分句，表示“只要…？”：
Utter one word, and you are a dead man! 说一句话就要你的命！
Go straight on and you'll see a church. 一直往前走你会看到一座教堂。
Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 他会得寸进尺。
3) or可连接分句，表示“否？”：
He had to have a job or (he would) go hungry. 他得有一份工作，否则就要挨饿。
Have a care what you say or you may regret it. 说话要当心，否则你会后悔。
Don't drive so fast or you'll have an accident. 别开这么快，不然你会出车祸。
17.3.2 表示意思转折的连词
表示意思转折的连词主要有but，yet：
1) but主要连接两个并列的分句：
All this he did, but it had no effect at all. 这一切他都做了，但一点都不起作用。
James hasn't got a car, but his sister has. 詹姆斯没有小汽车，但他姐姐有。
She's been learning Italian for six years, but she doesn't speak it very well.她学意大利语有六年了，但还是讲得不太好。
I'dlove to come but I can't make it till 8 o'clock. 我愿意来，不过要到八点才行。
有时也可连接两个并列的成分：
The weather will be sunny but cold. 天气会晴朗但很冷。
The fox may grow grey, but never good.（谚）狐狸会变老，却不会变好。
He no longer felt despondent, but happy and hopeful. 他不再沮丧，而是开心并充满希望。
He is not a novelist, but a dramatist. 他不是小说家，而是剧作家。
They see the trees, but not the forest. 他们只见树木不见森林。
间或还可引导状语：
He tried to save it, but in vain. 他努力想救活它，但没有用。
He glanced about, but seeing only the empty room. 他向四周张望，但只看见那个空房间。
2) yet主要连接两个分句：
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. （谚）创痛虽愈，伤痕犹在。
Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now. 简说她病了，但刚才在街上我曾看到她。
They are ugly and expensive, yet people buy them. 它们又丑又贵，但人们还是要买。
有时连接两个形容词：
It is strange, yet true. 这很奇怪，却是真的。
The judge was stern, yet completely fair. 这法官很严厉，但绝对公正。
有时还可与and和but一起用：
I offered him still more, and yet he wasn't satisfied. 我又给了他一些，但他仍然不满意。
She's a funny girl, but yet you can't help liking her. 她是个奇怪的姑娘，但你禁不住会喜欢她。
3) however，nevertheless，still等为副词，但可起连接作用，表示意思的转折：
however：
His first response was to say no. Later, however, he changed his mind. 他的第一反应是不行，但后来他改变了主意。
Sales are poor this month. There may, however, be an increase before Christmas. 这个月销量很差，但圣诞节前可能会增加。
I'll offer it to Tom. However, he may not want it. 我将把它送给汤姆，不过他可能不会要。
nevertheless：
They hadn't trained hard, nevertheless (but) they won. 他们并没有努力训练，但还是打赢了
He's charming;nevertheless, I don't trust him. 他很迷人，但我不太信任他。
He was angry, nevertheless (however) he listened to me. 他很生气，不过他还是听了我的话。
still：
You did wrong. Still, I'm ready to forgive you. 你做错了事，不过我愿意原谅你。
It's raining;still I'dlike to go. 天在下雨，但我还是想去。
He is naughty, (but) still you cannot help liking him. 他很调皮，但你还是禁不住会喜欢他。
all the same：
Nobody wishes you harm, (but) they down you all the same. 没有人有心伤害你，但他们还是看不起你。
She is naughty, all (just) the same we have to laugh at her jokes. 她很调皮，但对她的恶作剧我们还是要发笑。
I am sure she'll say yes, but I should ask her permission first all the same.我肯定她会答应的，但我还是应该先征求她的同意。
17.3.3 表示因果关系的连词
1) for可表示“因？”，但引导的不是从句，而是分句，对前面情况加以解释，常用逗号把它和前面的分句分开，这在书面语中比较多见（口语中多用because，as，since等 ）：
The days were short, for it was now December. 白天很短，因为现在已经是十二月。
He took the food eagerly, for he had eaten nothing since dawn. 他吃得很香，因为自天亮起他就没吃东西。
The children soon lost their way, for they had never been in the forest before.孩子们很快迷了路，因为他们从未进过这座森林。
它还可以表示为什么有前面的看法（此时不能用because，as，since）：
It must have rained in the night for when I woke the next morning I saw the grass wet. 夜里准是下了雨，因为我早上我醒来看见草地是湿的。
She must have gone out early, for she had not shown up at breakfast. 她肯定一早出去了，因为她没来吃早饭。
2) so表示结果，可译为“因？”、“所？”：
Nobody seemed about, so I went in. 附近似乎没人，因此我走了进去。
The play began at eight, so they must dine at seven. 戏八点开始，所以他们得七点吃饭。
She felt very tired so she went to bed early. 她感到很疲倦，于是早早就睡觉了。
Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi. 我们的箱子很重，因此我们坐了出租车。
3) therefore为副词，也表示同样的意思，但比较文气一点，可以放在分句前：
There is fog at Heathrow;therefore the plane has been diverted. 希思罗机场有雾，因此飞机改到别的机场降落。
It rained;therefore the game was called off. 天下雨了，比赛因此取消。
也可插在句子中间：
He's out of the country and therefore unable to attend the meeting. 他在国外，因此不能参加会议。
He had finished the Times, there was therefore nothing to do. 他已看完泰晤士报，因此没事可干了。
He had gone;she therefore gave the money to me. 他走了，于是她把钱给了我。
4) hence也是副词，也表示类似意思，多用在说理性文章中，且多用在分句或句子开头：
My mother is by herself;hence I must go home now. 我妈一个人在家，因此我得回去了。
Microwaves have got cheaper and hence more people can afford it. 微波炉便宜些了，因此更多的人买得起了。
Hence he was annoyed by many unwelcome attentions. 因此许多不受欢迎的殷勤举动惹得他不高兴。
有时后面只跟一个动词：
The town was built on the side of a hill, hence the name Hillside. 这座城市建在山腰，因此称作山腰城。
I fell off my bike yesterday—hence the bruises. 我昨天从自行车上摔下来了，因此身上摔青了。
17.3.4 其他并列连词
1) 其他并列连词有下面这些，多连接两个并列的成分：
either...or：
Either Tim or his brother has to shovel the snow. 要么是蒂姆要么是他弟弟得去铲雪。
She's either French or Spanish. 她不是法国人就是西班牙人。
I left it either on the table or in the drawer. 我把它不是放在桌上就是放在抽屉里了。
You can either write or phone to order a copy. 你可寄信或打电话去定购一本。
It was either pink, red or orange. 它或是粉红色、红色，或是橘红色。
Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you. 要么你得改进工作，要么我就辞退你。
neither...nor：
He can neither read nor write. 他既不能读又不能写。
They have neither natural gas nor running water. 他们既没有天然气又没有自来水。
He was neither clever nor stupid. 他既不聪明也不笨。
Paul came just at the right time, neither too early nor too late. 保罗来得正是时候，既不太早也不太晚。
Neither your mother nor I have any other thought but what is best for you. 不管是你妈妈还是我，除了一切为你好没有别的想法。
both...and：
You've given both your uncle and myself a lot of trouble. 你给你姑父和我都添了很多麻烦。
Sophia was both glad and sorry to see her. 索菲娅看到她既高兴又难过。
I decided to play safe both for own sake and the job's. 为我自己，也为了工作，我决定谨慎行事。
He both speaks and writes Swahili. 他既能说又能写斯瓦希里语。
as well as：
John can speak Chinese as well as French. 约翰能讲汉语及法语。
We shall travel by night as well as by day. 我们将日夜兼程。
The conflict spread everywhere, into villages, as well as into the cities. 冲突到处蔓延，蔓延到了农村，也蔓延到了城市。
It is a political as well as an economic question. 这是一个政治问题，也是一个经济问题。
2) not only...but aslo也连接两个并列成分：
He not only did the shopping but he also cook the meal. 他不仅买东西，而且还做饭。
The cuts will affect not only this school but also other schools in this area. 削减经费不仅影响这所学校，而且影响区内的其他学校。
Not only was my mother unhappy, but Marian, too. 不仅我母亲很痛苦，玛丽安也很痛苦。
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 他不光讲得更正确，也讲得更不费劲了。
18.1 概 说
18.1.1 感叹词的作用
感叹词是表示说话时的情绪的，它不构成句子的一个成分，却和后面句子在意思上有关连，后面句子常常表明这种情绪的性质或原因等：
Oh, what a fine day! 呵，多好的天气！
Oh, good, here's the bus. 啊，好了，公共汽车来了。
在感叹的情绪较强时，后面多跟一个感叹号，如果不强，后面通常跟一个逗号：
Oh! How you frightened me! 啊，你把我吓了一跳！
Oh, is that so? 啊，是这样吗？
感叹词一般都搁在句子前面，间或也可能插在句子中间：
That little sister of his, oh, is such a dear! 他那个小妹妹，嗬，真逗人喜欢！
这类词常不易译为确切的汉语，同一感叹词在不同上下文中表示的情绪不尽相同，译成的汉语也就不同。有时表示的感情很细致，在汉语中常不易找出确切的译法。这时只能从上下文中去琢磨，找出近似的汉语译出。
18.1.2 常见的感叹词
常见的感叹词有下面这些：
日常招呼语hello和hi，hey也是感叹词。有些感叹词（如alas）现已不多用了。
18.2 一些常用感叹词的用法
18.2.1 oh，ah，well的用法
平时用得最多的是oh，ah，well这几个词：
1) oh可用来表示惊奇、恐慌、痛苦、懊恼、高兴等：
"I'm a teacher." "Oh? Where?" “我是教师？”“是吗？在哪里教书？”（惊奇）
"Oh no!" she cried as she began to read the letter. “啊不可能？”她开始看信时惊叫道。（惊恐）
Oh, how terrible! 啊，多可怕！（恐慌）
Oh, aren't these flowers gorgeous! 哇，这些花真漂亮！（赞叹）
She got the job? Oh great! 她找到工作了？那太好了！（高兴）
Oh, what a pity! 啊，真遗憾！（遗憾）
Oh, please don't ask me any more. 啊，请不要再问我了。（恳求）
在回答问题时，或在呼语前，有时加oh，并无特别意思：
"What time are you going into town?" "Oh, I haven't decided yet."“你什么时候进城？”“嗯，我还没决定？”
Oh yes, I will. 是的，我会的。
Oh Pam, can you come over here for a minute? 啊，帕姆，你能过来一会吗？
Oh, Simon, take this letter to the post, would you? 啊，西蒙，把这封信发掉好吗？
2) ah表示惊奇、恐惧、高兴、痛苦、恳求、松一口气等：
Ah, there you are. 好了，你来了。（高兴）
Ah, good, here is the bus. 好了，公共汽车来了。（高兴）
Ah, what a lovely baby! 呀，多可爱的宝宝！（赞美）
Ah, how pitiful! 啊，真可怜！（怜悯）
Ah, that's inexcusable. 啊，这是不能原谅的。（气愤）
Ah, I've never heard of such things before. 嚯，我可从未听说过这样的事！（惊奇）
3) well表示欣慰、惊奇、犹疑、无奈等：
Well, here we are at last! 好了，我们终于到了！（欣慰）
Well, who would have thought of it? 嗨，谁会想到呀？（惊奇）
Well, what shall we do next? 嗯，我们下一步怎么办？（犹疑）
Well, that's the only thing I can do now. 哎，目前只好这样。（无奈）
Well, thank goodness you've arrived. 谢天谢地你到了。（欣慰）
Well, well—I would never have guessed it. 嗯，真是意想不到。（惊异）
还可用来表示同意、犹疑、思考、等待回答、结束谈话等：
Well, you may be right. 嗯，你可能是对的。
Very well then, I'll accept the offer. 很好嘛，我将接受这个提议。
"Do you want to come?" "Well, I'm not sure." “你想来吗？”“嗯，我不能肯定？”
I think it happened, well, towards the end of last summer. 我想，嗯，这是去年夏末发生的。
Well, are you going to tell us or not? 嗨，你到底打不打算告诉我们？
Well, I'dbetter be going now. 好了，我最好走吧。
18.2.2 一些表示感叹的词组
1) 一些女性用得较多表示感叹的词组——oh dear，dear me，（good）gracious，（my）goodness等，表示惊异、不耐烦、难过等，这与汉语中的“天？”有点相近：
Oh dear! Why should you be so stubborn? 天哪！你怎么这样固执？
Dear me, I didn't know you were so sharp-tongued. 嗨，不知道你的嘴竟然这样厉害。
My goodness! How could you work so fast! 我的天，你怎么干得这么快！
Goodness what a big cake! （我的）天哪，这么大的蛋糕！
Gracious, what an ugly house. 天呀，这房子真难看！
Good gracious! (Goodness gracious!) Is that the time? 天呀，已经是这个时候啦？
Gracious me! What have you done to your hair? 我的天，你把头发弄成什么样子了？
2) 一些男性用得较多的表示感叹的词组——oh Lord，Good Heavens，Heavens，Good lord等，也表示惊异、不高兴等情绪：
Good lord, it's you! 我的老天，原来是你！
Oh Lord, what shall we do now? 天啦，我们现在怎么办？
O Lord, can a cabbage grow that big? 啊天哪，白菜能长这么大？
Good Heavens! It'll get into the papers. 天哪，这会登到报上去的。
Heavens, what a cold room! 吓，这房间真冷！
18.2.3 另一些较常用的感叹词
1) 用来打招呼的感叹词：
Hallow, John! How are you? 嗨，约翰！你好呀？
Hullo. It's nice to meet you. 嗨，见到你很高兴。
Hello, is Mrs. Brown there? 喂，布朗夫人在吗？
Hello, who's speaking, please? 喂，你是哪一位？
Hello, hello, hello, what's going on here? 喂，喂，喂，出什么事了？
Hi, there, Mr. Smith, good to see you. 嗨，史密斯先生，见到你很高兴。
"Hi, Uncle Herald," Thomas said. “嗨，海拉德叔叔？”汤姆斯说。
Hi, Alice. This is Fred. 喂，艾丽斯，我是弗雷德。
Hey, come and look at this! 嘿，过来瞧瞧！
Hey, can I ask you a question? 嘿，我能问你一个问题吗？
2) 表示疼痛痛苦等的感叹词：
Ow! That hurts. 啊，疼。
Ow! Don't do that! 噢，不要这样做。
Ouch, you're hurting me! 啊，你把我弄疼了！
Ouch! That hurt! 噢，疼！
Alas! It was not so easy as all that. 唉!可惜情况不那么简单。
But, alas, this was most unwise. 唉，这是非常不明智的。
Alas! My lover has forsaken me. 唉，我的恋人把我甩了。
3) why也可用作感叹词，表示惊奇或不足为奇，可译为“这简？”、“你这都不知？”等：
Why, what a bruise you have got! 怎么搞的，你身上青了这么大一块！
Why! Why! The cage is empty! 怎么搞的！笼子空了！
Why, Jane, it's you! 啊，简，原来是你！
Why, it's easy—a child could do it. 嗨，这容易，小孩都能干。
"How should we answer the question?" "Why, that's simple enough."“这问题怎样回答？”“嗨，这简单极了？”
Why! You are ahead of time too. 怎么，你也提前完成了！
Why, man, she's after your money. 这都不知道，伙计，她是想你的钱。
"What's twice two?" "Why, four." “二乘二是多少？”“这还不知道，是四？”
18.2.4 一些次要的感叹词
1) aha /ɑːˈhɑː/ 表示得意：
Aha, so that's where she hides her money! 哈哈，原来她把钱藏在这儿。
Aha! So you planned at this, did you? 哈哈，这都是你策划的，是吧？
Aha! Here at last, is the answer to the question that has baffled scholars. 哈，终于找到这个把许多学者难倒的问题的答案了。
2) bother /ˈbɒðə/ 表示不高兴、不耐烦等：
Oh bother! I forgot to phone Jane. 糟糕！我忘了给简打电话了。
Oh bother! I've left my money at home. 倒霉！我把钱留在家里了。
Bother the flies! 讨厌的苍蝇！
3) bravo /brɑːˈvəʊ/ 表示喝彩：
Bravo! Encore! 好！再来一个！
Bravo! Well played! 好！弹得好！
4) hurrah /hʊˈrɑː/, hurray /hʊˈreɪ/ 表示赞许：
Hurrah for the weekend! 周末万岁！
Hurray! 好极了！
5) hush /hʌʃ/ 表示“别出？”、“小声？”
Hush! Someone's coming. 别出声，有人来了。
Hush, or you'll wake the baby. 小声点，要不会把宝宝吵醒。
6) damn /dæm/ 为诅咒语，表示“该？”
Damn this computer—what's the matter with it? 这台该死的电脑，怎么回事？
Damn! I've forgotten the key. 该死！忘带钥匙了。
7) blast /blɑːst, blæst/ 表示不高兴：
Blast! I've burnt the toast again. 倒霉！面包又烤糊了。
Blast this useless car. 该死，这没用的车。
8) bah /bɑː/ 表示厌恶、鄙视：
Bah! That's stupid. 哼！这真愚蠢。
Bath! Did he imagine I would accept that? 咄！难道他以为我会接受？
9) whew /hjuː/ 表示惊异、慰藉等：
Whew, that man has some temper! 瞧，那人还有点脾气！
Whew! That was a lucky escape! 唉！总算幸运地逃出来了！
10) wow /waʊ/ 表示赞佩、羡慕：
Wow! You look terrific! 噢！你看起来漂亮极了！
Wow! Look at that car! 吓！瞧那辆车！
11) mm /m/ 表示赞许、犹疑等：
Mm, lovely cake. 嗯，蛋糕真漂亮。
Mm? I'm sorry, I wasn't listening. 什么？对不起，我没听。
12) ugh /ɜː,ʌg/ 表示厌恶、恐惧等：
Ugh! How can you eat that stuff? 咄，你怎么吃这样的东西？
Ugh! This medicine tastes awful! 这药难吃极了！
13) gosh /gɒʃ, gɑːʃ/ 表示惊异：
Gosh, it's cold. 嗨，真冷。
Gosh, is that the time? 到时候了吗？
14) ooh /uː/ 表示赞许、惊讶等：
"Look what I've bought." "Ooh!" “瞧我买什么了？”“哦？”
"Red? Ooh how nice." “红的？啊，真好？”
19.1 主语表示法
19.1.1 主语表示法
主语可以用下面这些成分表示：
1) 名词：
Another rocket is going to be launched next week. 下周将发射一枚新的火箭。
Are there other universes outside our own? 我们的宇宙之外还有别的宇宙吗？
2) 代词：
Who's on the phone? 谁来电话？
Nobody knows the answer. 没人知道答案是什么。
3) 数词：
Two-thirds of them are college students. 他们中间三分之二是大学生。
First went to the Chinese team. 第一名由中国队获得。
4) 动名词：
Reading French is easier than speaking it. 阅读法语比讲法语容易。
There's no knowing how long he'll be away. 没法知道他将离开多久。
5) 不定式：
To compromise appears advisable. 妥协可能是明智的。
It is an offence to drop litter in the street. 在街上乱扔杂物是犯禁的。
6) 词组：
To each according to his work is a socialist principle. 按劳分配是社会主义的一个原则。
"Safety First" is our slogan.“安全第？”是我们的口号。
7) 从句：
What she saw gave her a little fright. 她看到的情况使她有点吃惊。
Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么这样做将永远是个谜。
8) 名词化的其他词类：
A is the first letter of the English alphabet. A是英语字母的第一个。
