VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.26
There's a car coming. 有一辆车开过来了。
There's been a gentleman here asking to see you. 这儿有位先生要见你。
Sooner or later there'll be a big row. 迟早会大吵一场。
在构成问句时，there也起主语的作用，但真正的主语在后面：
Are there many parks in the city? 城里公园多吗？
Is there a car-park nearby? 附近有停车场吗？
How many new words are there in the text? 这篇课文有多少生词？
2) 通常动词和主语保持一致：
There's a television in the sitting-room. 客厅里有一台电视机。
There're six chairs round the table. 桌子周围有六把椅子。
There're a number of swans on the lake. 湖上有许多天鹅。
如果有两个或更多主语时，动词一般和最近的一个保持一致：
There was a sofa and two armchairs. 有一张长沙发和两张小沙发。
There is a boy and two girls dancing on the meadow. 草坪上有一个男孩和两个女孩在跳舞。
有时也可和所有主语保持一致：
There were one or two chaps there. 那儿有一两个人。
In addition to her, there were Mr. and Mrs. Delby. 除了她，还有戴尔比夫妇。
19.4.2 there+动词be
1) there引导的句子大部分都以be作谓语动词，可用于各种时态：
Where there's a will, there is a way.（谚）有志者事竟成。
There was little change in him. 他没有什么变化。
There has been no rain today. 今天没下雨。
There'll be a concert in the park tonight. 今晚公园里有一场音乐会。
可有各种灵活的译法，表示发生某事，这时不宜译作“？”：
There was thunder in the air. 天上在打雷。
Then there would be a plebiscite. 然后将举行公民投票。
I hope there will be a change in the weather. 我希望天气能变一变。
There was no wind that night. 那天夜里没刮风。
2) 在主语后面有时有修饰语：
There're ten people coming to dinner. 有十个人来吃晚饭。
There're a lot of difficulties facing us. 我们面前有很多困难。
There were many things to be done. 有许多事情需要做。
What was there to be afraid of ? 有什么可害怕的？
There are dozens of reasons why I must leave. 我有种种必须离职的理由。
3) there可和to be或being一道用：
You wouldn't want there to be another world war. 你不会希望再发生一次世界大战吧。
Is it possible for there to be any more trouble? 还可能有更多的麻烦吗？
Would you like there to be a meeting to discuss the problem? 你希望开一次会来讨论这个问题吗？
I expect there to be no argument about this. 我预计对这一点不会有争议。
I shall prefer there to be no discussion of such things. 我倒愿意大家别谈这些事。
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 由于没别的事要做，我们就回家了。
19.4.3 there+复合谓语
1) there后面可跟由情态动词和be构成的复合谓语：
There may be another demonstration tonight. 今晚可能又有一次示威游行。
There must be something wrong with it. 里面准有问题。
There could be no doubt that he was the best novelist alive. 毫无疑问，他是在世的最优秀的小说家。
There might still be hope. 可能还有希望。
There ought to be a comma here. 这儿应当有一个逗号。
There shouldn't be any doubt about it. 对此不应有什么怀疑。
2) 谓语也可能是由不定式构成的复合谓语：
Is there going to be any activity tonight? 今晚有什么活动吗？
There used to be a cinema here. 过去这儿有一家电影院。
There's sure to be a restaurant around. 附近一定有餐馆。
There are bound to be controversial questions. 准会有些有争议的问题。
There seems to be something the matter with her. 她似乎有些问题。
There appeared to be a war between his heart and his mind. 他的情感和理智之间似乎有一场斗争。
19.4.4 there+不及物动词
1) there后面有时可跟别的动词（通常为不及物动词）：
Once upon a time, there lived a fisherman on the island. 很久以前，岛上住着一位渔夫。
There followed a flood of indignation in the newspapers. 随后报纸发出一片愤怒的声音。
There came a knock at the door. 有人敲门。
In 1859，there came about a war between the two countries. 1859年两国间发生了一场战争。
There remained just fifty dollars. 只剩五十美元了。
Hence there has arisen the agrarian question. 因此产生了土地问题。
2) 有时状语放在前头（a）或插在主语和谓语之间（b）：
a． At the top of the hill there stands an old temple. 山顶上有一座古庙。
In recent years, there has been produced more food than the country needs. 最近几年生产的粮食超过了国家的需要。
In the distance there was heard again the lowing of the cattle. 远处又传来牛叫声。
b． One night there flew over the city a little swallow. 有天夜里，一只小燕子从城市上空掠过。
There sprang from the audience a cry of indignation. 听众中突然发出一阵愤怒的吼声。
20.1 谓语的类型
20.1.1 谓语及谓语类型
1) 谓语有广义与狭义之分。广义的谓语指主语之外，包括动词在内的部分，主语可说是句子的主题，谓语指关于主语的情况：
主 语谓 语（广义）
————————————————————
Beijing is the capital of the country. 北京是中国的首都。
China trades with many different countries. 中国和很多国家开展贸易。
狭义的谓语主要指动词，不包括宾语和状语，我们这里讨论的谓语是狭义的谓语。
2) 谓语不等同于动词，却包含动词在内，有些谓语只包含一个动词：
Time flies! 光阴似箭！
He works in a bank. 他在一家银行工作。
但在很多情况下谓语包含几个词：
She doesn't like the idea. 她不赞成这个想法。
I'll take care of the expenses. 费用由我负担。
3) 谓语主要有两类：
● 简单谓语（Simple Predicate）
● 复合谓语（Compound Predicate）
20.1.2 简单谓语
1) 凡是由一个动词构成的，不管是什么时态、语态、语气，都属于简单谓语：
She'll be leaving for Hong Kong on April 3rd. 她将于四月三日去香港。
He has been designing a new plane model. 他一直在设计一种新的飞机型号。
The space shuttle will be launched at 5 p.m. 太空梭将于下午五点发射。
I suggest that the game be cancelled. 我建议取消这次比赛。
2) 大量成语动词可用作谓语，尽管它们由两个或更多的词构成，仍然是简单谓语：
Dick fell for baseball when he was a little boy. 狄克很小就爱上了棒球。
I shall have it out with him later. 以后我将和他谈清楚。
Ned left off talking about the firm. 奈德停止谈论公司的事。
I wish you wouldn't look down on this kind of work. 希望你别看不起这种工作。
The windows of our bedroom looked out upon the lawns. 我们卧室的窗户面对着草坪。
Share prices have picked up recently. 最近股票上涨了。
在第13.2.3及13.3.4节可以看到大量由成语动词构成的谓语。
20.2 复合谓语
20.2.1 第一类复合谓语
1) 这类复合谓语都由两部分构成。有些由“情态动词+动词原？”构成：
Can you explain this sentence? 你能解释这个句子吗？
She may be bringing some friends home. 她可能会带几个朋友来家。
I might have come to a wrong conclusion. 我可能得出了一个错误的结论。
He must have arrived by air. 他准是坐飞机来的。
Of course she mustn't leave us. 当然她不能离开我们。
We should have confidence in each other. 我们应当对彼此有信心。
You needn't have mentioned it. 你本来不必提到此事的。
No one dared speak of it. 没人敢谈及这事。
2) 另一些则由不定式和另外的词构成：
I oughtn't to go on living this way. 我不应当继续这样生活下去。
We used to swim every day when young. 我们小时候天天都游泳。
She isn't going to make any concessions. 她不准备作任何让步。
First I'd have to get my father's consent. 首先我得征求我父亲的同意。
We have got to be careful in such matters. 这种事我们都得小心。
Vesta happened to be playing in one corner of the room. 维斯塔恰好在房间的一角玩耍。
I seemed to have caught a cold. 我似乎感冒了。
He is said to have translated many books into English. 据说他把许多书译成了英文。
They are not likely to succeed. 他们成功的希望不大。
3) 许多带复合宾语的句子改为被动结构后，里面都可说包含了一个复合谓语：
They were made to work long hours. 他们被迫长时间工作。
He was forced to make concessions. 他被迫作出让步。
We're expected to fulfil the task ahead of time. 他们期待我们提前完成任务。
She was often heard to sing that song. 人们常听见她唱这支歌。
He was seen to go out with her. 有人看见他和她一道出去了。
He was found lying on the floor. 有人发现他躺在地上。
She was been kept waiting for two hours. 有人让她等了两个小时。
He was known to have taken money from the Germans. 据传他拿过德国人的钱。
20.2.2 第二类复合谓语
1) 第二类复合谓语主要由“系动词+表？”构成：
The prospects looked excellent. 前景看来极好。
It sounds a good idea. 这听起来是个好主意。
I'm keeping in very good health. 我身体一直很好。
Roses smell sweet. 玫瑰花有香味。
She is growing restless. 她变得忐忑不安起来。
He remained standing for nearly an hour. 他差不多站了一个钟头。
She seemed embarrassed. 她显得很尴尬的样子。
He appeared perplexed. 他显得困惑不解。
His hair turned grey in a few weeks. 他的头发几星期内就变灰白了。
The prediction came true. 这个预言应验了。
Please stay seated. 请不要站起来。
He felt troubled and distressed. 他感到很烦恼痛苦。
关于这类句子可参阅第13.5.1—13.5.7节。
2) 有些动词（如wear，flush，lie等不及物动词）有时也可跟一个表语，与它构成复合谓语：
He flushed crimson with anger. 他气得满脸通红。
The carpet is wearing thin. 地毯磨得很薄了。
He blushed crimson with embarrassment when she kissed him. 她吻他时他窘得满脸通红。
The snow lay thick on the ground. 地上铺着厚厚一层雪。
One of the tigers broke loose (free). 有一头老虎跑出来了。
His promises rang false to me. 他的诺言在我听来很虚假。
有时一个不及物动词后跟着一个形容词或名词，说明主语的状态，作用接近于表语，这类结构也可说是一种复合谓语：
She sat silent in the corner. 她静静地坐在角落里。
The day dawned misty and overcast. 这天天亮时雾气很重，乌云密布。
They parted the best of friends. 他们分手时是最要好的朋友。
He died a rich man (a millionaire). 他死时成了富翁（百万富翁）。
有些语法家把这种结构称为双重谓语（Double Predicate），意思是它们把两个谓语揉和在一起，成为一个谓语。
3) 另外，某些带形容词或名词的复合宾语，在变为被动结构时，也可形成复合谓语：
The walls were painted light green. 墙被漆成了淡绿色。
She was found injured at the foot of a cliff. 她被发现受了伤躺在一座山崖下。
None of these actions are considered likely. 这些行动被认为采取的可能性不大。
He might be called a truthful boy. 他或许称得上是一个诚实的孩子。
He was thought to be a spy. 他被认为是一名间谍。
He was made president of the society. 他被任命为该协会主席。
20.3 表 语
20.3.1 表语表示法
表语亦称补语（Complement），可由下面这些成分表示：
1) 名词：
He proved a trustworthy friend. 结果证明他是一个可靠的朋友。
You're looking a different person. 你看起来像是换了一个人。
2) 代词：
Seventy-four! You don't look it. 七十四啦！你看起来可不像。
It's something to be home again without an accident. 能再次平安到家真不简单。
3) 数词：
My daughter is sixteen next month. 我女儿下月十六岁。
Gordon Johncock was third. 戈登·约翰科克是第三名。
4) 形容词：
He has gone mad (blind). 他疯了（眼睛瞎了）。
She looked quite cheerful (a little tired). 她看上去挺高兴（有点累）。
5) 分词：
My teacher is both gentle and encouraging towards me. 我的老师既对我很温和又督促我学习。
Where is Shakespeare buried? 莎士比亚埋葬在哪里？
6) 动名词：
My aunt's hobby is growing roses. 我姑姑的爱好是种玫瑰花。
His first job had been selling home computers. 他的第一份工作是销售家用电脑。
7) 不定式：
An alternative plan might be for you to go to Lyon. 另一个计划可能是让你到里昂去。
All you have to do is to press this button. 你只需按一下这个电钮。
8) 副词：
I'm off to Europe on Monday. 我星期一动身去欧洲。
Sales are down. 销售量下降了。
9) 介词短语：
The Conservatives were once more in power. 保守党再次当政。
His show is on the air at six o'clock. 他的节目六点钟播放。
10)词组：
They are twice the size of chickens. 它们有鸡的两倍大。
That would be a great weight off my mind. 这会了却我一大心事。
11) 从句：
That's where we differ. 这就是我们的分歧所在。
Money is what they are after. 他们追逐的是金钱。
关于各种表语的表示法可参阅第13.5.1—13.5.6节。关于现在分词和过去分词作表语的用法可参阅第12.3.2及12.4.2节。
20.3.2 表语从句
表语从句有三类：
1) 由that引导的表语从句（that有时省略）：
The fact is (that) she never liked him. 事实是她从未喜欢过他。
Their first idea was that he had hidden it. 他们的第一个想法是他把它藏起来了。
The reason Hollywood was a good place for making movies was that the sunshines there every day. 好莱坞是拍电影的好地方，原因是那里天天有太阳。
His only fault is that he lacks ambition. 他唯一的缺点是缺乏雄心壮志。
My point is that you may have to face the problem. 我的看法是你也许得面对这个问题。
The trouble was they couldn't agree among themselves. 问题是他们内部意见都不能统一。
2) 由连接代（副）词引导的表语从句：
That's how matters stand. 情况就是如此。
That's not what I meant. 这不是我的意思。
That was why he spoke French so funnily. 这就是他法语讲得这样滑稽的原因。
That's where the battle took place. 这就是那次战役发生的地方。
His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet. 他第一个问题是福尔摩斯到了没有。
The question is who's responsible for what has happened. 问题是发生了这事该谁负责。
3) 由关系代词型的what引导的从句：
I want to be a teacher. That's what I want to be. 我想当教师，这是我的志愿。
Times aren't what they were. 时代不同了。
Your mother's health is not what it used to be. 你母亲的身体已大不如前了。
That's what we are here for. 这就是我们来这里的目的。
That's not what she is after. 这不是她追求的东西。
She's no longer what she used to be. 她已不是过去的她了。
关于这类句子可参阅第13.5.7节。
20.4 主语和谓语的一致
20.4.1 主语和谓语应在数上一致
1) 主语和谓语必须在数上一致，即复数主语须用复数谓语，单数主语须用单数谓语，不受修饰语的影响：
The results of the research are to be published soon. 研究成果不久将发表。
The theory advanced by these scientists is quite convincing. 这些科学家提出的理论相当有说服力。
What are his views on this subject? 他对这问题持什么观点？
The suggestion put forward by the girls has been accepted. 姑娘们提的建议被接受了。
2) 如果主语是一个抽象概念，一般都用单数谓语：
Smoking cigarettes is hazardous to your health. 吸烟危害健康。
Training astronauts is not an easy task. 训练宇航员不是一件容易的工作。
That she should oppose these ideas is quite natural. 她反对这些意见是很自然的。
"Senior citizens" means people over sixty.“年长公？”指六十岁以上的人。
3) 当主语是and连接的两个名词时，在指一样东西时用单数谓语，若指两样东西，则需用复数谓语：
Iron and steel industry plays an important role in our national economy. 钢铁工业在国民经济中起着重要作用。
The food and textile industry depend mainly on agriculture for raw material.食品工业和纺织工业主要依靠农业提供原料。
To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败也比不尝试好。
To mean to do something and to actually do it are two different things. 打算做某事和真正去做完全是两回事。
4) 如果主语是单数，尽管后面跟有with，together with，as well as，except这类词引导的短语，谓语仍用单数形式，因为这种短语多为修饰语：
An iron and steel works, with several satellite factories, is being built in that city. 在那个城市正在修建一座钢铁厂和几家卫星工厂。
John, together with his wife, was at the party. 约翰和他的妻子参加了晚会。
Lily as well as Helen was in mourning. 莉莉和海伦都在带孝。
Everybody except Tim speaks some Chinese. 除了蒂姆每人都能讲点汉语。
No one but myself knows anything about it. 除了我没有人知道此事。
20.4.2 某些代词作主语时的谓语
1) each和some，any，no，every构成的代词作主语时，谓语都用单数形式：
Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase. 两个小伙子进来了，每人提着一个箱子。
Somebody wants to see you, sir. 有人要见你，先生。
Is there anything I can do for you? 我能帮你做什么吗？
There's really nothing to be said. 真的没什么话可说。
Everybody was glad to see her back. 看见她回来大家都很高兴。
2) both，some，many，few，all（of them）后的谓语多用复数形式：
Both (of them) are English. 两个都是英国人。
Many are for going by plane. 许多人都赞成坐飞机去。
Some (of them) are still out of work. （我们）有些人依然失业。
Few of my friends like Sheila. 我的朋友中没什么人喜欢希拉。
All present are against the idea. 所有在场的人都反对这个主意。
代表不可数东西的代词则跟单数谓语：
So all is going well. 因此一切都进展顺利。
Every little helps. （谚）点点滴滴都有用。
Some of the milk has gone sour. 有部分牛奶酸掉了。
3) 有些代词可跟单数谓语，也可跟复数谓语，根据意思来决定：
在个别情况下用单复数谓语都可以：
Is (Are) there any left? 还剩一些（几个）吗？
Neither of the days is (are) suitable. 两个日子都不合适。
None of the telephones is (are) working. 没有一部电话是好的。
20.4.3 一些集体名词作主语的情况
1) 有些集体名词都指复数的人或动物，后面都用复数谓语；
The police are going to question him. 警察将审讯他。
The media are covering the presidential election thoroughly. 传媒在详细报导总统选举。
Cattle are allowed to graze on the village common. 牛群被允许到村子的公有草地上放牧。
Most bacteria grow best in slightly acid medium. 多数细菌在微酸性的介质中生长最好。
2) 有些集体名词可跟单数谓语，也可跟复数谓语，视作整体时跟单数谓语，着重于所包含的成员时，则可跟复数谓语：
有些集体名词后面的谓语用单数或复数都可以：
The enemy is (are) retreating. 敌军正在后撤。
The school's teaching staff is (are) excellent. 这所学校教师素质很好。
The jury is (are) about to announce the winner. 裁判团即将宣布优胜者名单。
The data is (are) correct. 这些数据是正确的。
3) 有些集体名词通常跟单数谓语：
The Opposition was quick to reply to the charge. 反对党迅速对指控作出反应。
The entire community is behind the appeal. 整个社区都支持这项呼吁。
The local press there is full of lies. 那里的地方报刊充满谎言。
The play's cast was given a standing ovation. 剧组演员受到观众起立鼓掌。
20.4.4 某些名词作主语时的情况
1) 有些名词，随着意思的不同，有时跟单数谓语，有时跟复数谓语：
2) 有些单复同形的名词要根据意思决定谓语的形式：
3) 一些以-s结尾的单数名词，后面谓语也都作单数：
Phonetics is a required subject in our department. 语音学是我们系的一门必修课。
Billiards is becoming more and more popular. 打台球越来越流行。
Measles is a contagious disease. 麻疹是一种传染病。
A crossroad is a place where two roads meet and cross. 十字路口是两条路交叉的地方。
