VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.27
Mathematics is a subject studied nearly in every school. 数学是几乎每个学校都学的课程。
也有些以-s结尾的词后面可跟单数或复数谓语：
Mumps are (is) fairly rare in adults. 成年人患腮腺炎的相当少。
Mathematics is (are) well taught in our school. 我们学校数学教得很好。
Their headquarters are (is) in New York. 他们的总部在纽约。
21.1 概 说
21.1.1 宾语的种类
宾语有下面几类：
1) 直接宾语——绝大多数及物动词都跟有直接宾语，成语动词有些也跟有宾语，表示动作的对象、承受者或后果：
We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。（动作对象）
They robbed a bank. 他们抢劫了一家银行。（动作承受者）
Then he composed a symphony. 此后他谱写了一首交响曲。（动作结果）
Who put forward the suggestion? 这建议是谁提出的？
2) 间接宾语——双宾动词后可跟两个宾语，一个是直接宾语，一个是间接宾语，间接宾语表示动作是向某人或为某人做的：
主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语
————————————————————————
Auntie gave me a toy car.
My wife sends you her greeting.
I will play you some light music.
He bought himself a new tie.
关于间接宾语可参阅第13.4.1节。
3) 复合宾语——是由两部分构成的宾语，后面部分可称为宾语的补语：
主语谓语复合宾语
————————————————————————
They asked him to speak at the meeting.
She saw a girl waving to her.
My kids never heard the song sung in Italian.
They elected him vice-president.
关于这类宾语可参阅第13.6.1—13.6.8节。
21.1.2 宾语表示法
宾语可以由下面这些成分表示：
1) 名词：
May I see your passport? 我能看看你的护照吗？
Fasten your seatbelts, please. 请系好安全带。
2) 代词：
Do you have anything to declare? 你有什么东西申报吗？
Give me some. 给我一点。
3) 数词：
Let me have one or two. 给我一两个。
They laid off one-third of the workers. 他们暂时解雇了三分之一工人。
4) 名词化的形容词：
Success goes to the determined. （谚）有志者事竟成。
Respect the old and cherish the young. 敬老爱幼。
5) 动名词：
Stop acting like a child. 别像小孩一样。
Has it left off raining? 雨停了吗？
6) 不定式：
He tried not to offend her. 他设法不得罪她。
They asked to see his ID card. 他们要求验看他的身份证。
7) 复合结构
I find this weather very trying. 我发现这种天气很难受。
He had his passport visaed for South Korea. 他在护照上盖了去韩国的签证。
8) 从句
I'll see that you get a good seat. 我一定设法让你有一个好座位。
I don't understand what you mean. 我不懂你的意思。
关于不定式和动名词作宾语可参阅第12.1.4，12.2.3，13.3.5及13.3.6节。
21.2 复合宾语
21.2.1 复合宾语的类型
复合宾语主要有下面几种类型：
1) 名词（代词）+形容词
The pot calls the kettle black. （谚）五十步笑百步。
I've never known (seen) you so cheerful. 我从未看见你这样高兴过。
2) 名词（代词） +名词
He nominated Coy Ambassador to France. 他任命科伊为驻法大使。
Don't be formal. Call me Jim. 别太拘礼，叫我吉姆好了。
3) 名词（代词） + 不定式
Tell them to hurry up. 让他们赶快。
What made you think so? 什么使你这样想的？
4) 名词（代词） + 分词
I heard a nightingale singing in the wood. 我听见一只夜莺在林中歌唱。
You must have your lungs X-rayed. 你必须把肺部透视一下。
5) 名词（代词）+介词短语或副词
I found him in excellent spirits. 我发现他情绪好极了。
I'm pleased to see you back. 看到你回来了，我很高兴。
21.2.2 第一类复合宾语——名词（代词）＋形容词
这类复合宾语比较普通，不少动词可以跟这种宾语：
Have I made myself clear? 我的意思讲清楚了吗？
That kept her warm. 这使她身子很暖和。
The accused man declared himself innocent. 被告宣称自己是无辜的。
He shouted himself hoarse. 他把声音都喊哑了。
Then he will hold you responsible for it. 那样他就会要你来对它负责。
常见的这类动词有：
关于这种结构可参阅第13.6.1节。
21.2.3 第二类复合宾语——名词（代词）＋名词
跟这类复合宾语的动词也不少，如：
I find her a very sensible woman. 我发现她是个很有头脑的女子。
They considered Paris the heart of France. 他们认为巴黎是法国的心脏。
She counted herself a fortunate wife. 她认为自己是个幸运的妻子。
They dubbed him a traitor. 他们叫他叛徒。
He entitled the book Crime and Punishment. 他给这书题名为《罪与罚》。
常见的这类动词有：
关于这种结构可参阅第13.6.2.节。
21.2.4 第三类复合宾语——名词（代词）＋不定式
1) 跟这类复合结构的动词很多：
He strongly advised her not to do so. 他使劲劝她不要这样做。
She asked me to get in touch with him. 她要我和他联系。
He instructed Sophia to remain where she was. 他嘱咐索菲娅留在原处。
Permit me to introduce myself. 请允许我介绍一下自己。
They urge me to write a play for children. 他们催我写一个儿童剧。
You know I wish you to be happy, don't you? 你知道我是愿意你幸福的，是吧？
常见的这类动词有：
2) 在某些动词后，这类不定式只限于动词be （a），但其他动词的完成式和进行式有时也可以用（b）：
a．They considered him to be a selfish man. 他们认为他是个自私的人。
They believed these principles to be universally true. 他们相信这些原则是放之四海而皆准的。
I know this to be a fact. 我知道这是事实。
All the neighbours supposed her to be a widow. 所有邻居都以为她是寡妇。
We discovered her to be a good cook. 我们发现她很会做饭。
We have shown the story to be false. 我们已表明这个报导是虚假的。
b．I consider him to have acted disgracefully. 我认为他的行为很可耻。
I believe her to have done right. 我相信她做得对。
They know the man to have been a spy. 他们知道这人当过间谍。
They suppose man to have descended from animals. 他们认为人是由动物进化而来的。
They suspected him to be dying. 他们猜想他已命在旦夕。
We thought him to be hiding in the woods. 我们以为他躲在树林里。
3) 有少数动词后面的复合宾语包含一个不带to的不定式：
What makes you think so? 什么使你这样想？
Don't forget to have him come. 别忘了让他来。
Delighted to hear you say that. 很高兴听你这样说。
For an instant I saw his face go pale. 一时间我看见他脸色变得苍白。
I watched him get into his jacket. 我瞧着他穿上上衣。
They felt the atmosphere grow tense. 他们感到气氛变得紧张起来。
4) 个别成语动词后也可以跟这类复合宾语：
He called on Tom to answer the question. 他叫汤姆回答这个问题。
I am counting on you to help me through. 我指望你帮助我度过难关。
She motioned to me to be silent. 她对我做手势要我别说话。
He pleaded with me to go back. 他恳求我回去。
They prevailed upon me to remain a little longer. 他们劝我再稍微多待一会儿。
We are waiting for the rain to stop. 我们在等雨停下来。
关于由不定式构成的复合宾语可参阅第13.6.5和13.6.6节。
21.2.5 第四类复合宾语——名词（代词）＋分词
1) 有不少动词后面可跟由现在分词构成的复合宾语：
The teacher caught a boy cheating. 老师发现一个男生（考试）作弊。
I could feel the wind blowing on my face. 我能感觉到风吹着我的脸。
I tried to keep things going by a little teaching. 我设法教点书来维持生活。
His question has set me thinking. 他的问题让我深思。
They left me sitting alone there. 他们丢下我一个人坐在那里。
They watched the sun setting behind the trees. 他们瞧着太阳在树后徐徐西沉。
能跟这种复合宾语的动词常见的有：
2) 也有不少复合宾语由过去分词构成：
You should make your views known. 你应当让人了解你的看法。
You'll have to get that tooth filled. 你得把那颗牙（请医生）补一补。
She's having her eyes tested. 她正在验光。
Rarely had I seen him so worked-up. 我很少见他这样激动过。
We want the work finished by Saturday. 我们希望这工作在星期六以前完成。
He felt himself powerfully attracted by the idea. 他感到自己受到这想法的强烈吸引。
跟这类复合宾语的动词常见的有下面这些：
关于包含分词的复合结构可参阅第13.6.7和13.6.8节。
21.2.6 第五类复合宾语——名词（代词）＋介词短语或副词
这类复合宾语由介词短语（a）或副词（b）构成：
a．Make yourselves at home, everybody. 大家请随便一点。
They found her already in the hands of a doctor. 他们发现她已有医生照顾。
He held the others in contempt. 他对别人都看不起。
Please ask her into the dinner-room. 请让她到餐厅来。
His jokes set the whole room in uproar. 他的笑话引起哄堂大笑。
I know you'll be able to help me out of the difficulty. 我知道你能帮助我克服困难。
b．We went to her house but found her out. 我们去她家，但发现她外出了。
You'dbetter ask her round here. 你最好请她到这里来。
We're having some friends in tonight. 今晚我们要请些朋友来家里。
We must help forward every project we can. 我们必须尽力帮助促进每一个计划。
Let's turn the TV on (off). 咱们把电视机打开（关上）。
He knew how to put his ideas across. 他知道怎样把他的意思讲清楚。
能跟这种复合宾语的结构比较少。关于这种结构可参阅第13.6.3和13.6.4节。
21.3 用it作宾语
21.3.1 人称代词it作宾语
1) 人称代词it常可以用作宾语，代表刚提到的一样东西：
Have you got my express mail? ——Yes, I've got it. 收到我的快件了吗？ ——收到了。
Where is my bike? ——Pam is riding it. 我的自行车在哪儿？ ——帕姆在骑。
Where is the car key? ——I put it in your drawer. 我的车钥匙在哪儿？ ——我放在你抽屉里了。
You can't eat your cake and have it. （谚）蛋糕吃了就没有了。
也可以代表一个婴儿：
How about the baby? ——I'll take care of it. 宝宝怎么办？ ——我来照看。
2) 也可表示刚提到的一件事：
If I can help, I'll do it. 如果我能帮忙，我一定会这样做。
If he doesn't come, I can't help it. 如果他不来我也没有办法。
You promised to support us. You've got to do it. 你答应支持我们的，你就应当这样做。
I want to go to the dance. ——Your father won't like it. 我想去参加舞会。 ——你父亲不会赞成的。
If I have improved in any way, I owe it all to you. 如果说我有什么改进，那都得归功于你。
You have saved my life. I shall never forget it. 你救过我的命，我永远不会忘记。
21.3.2 先行词it作宾语
it也可用作先行宾语，借助它把真正的宾语放到句子后部去，特别是用在一些复合宾语中。it可以：
1) 代表不定式：
She found it difficult to convince him. 她感到很难让他相信。
He thought it best to be cautious. 他认为最好小心行事。
I'dthink it well worthwhile to go. 我认为去是很值得的。
He felt it his duty to take good care of them. 他感到好好照顾他们是他的责任。
He made it a rule to do an hour's work in the garden every day. 他给自己规定每天在花园里干一小时的活。
2) 代表that引导的从句（that有时省略）：
I took it for granted (that) you would be coming. 我想当然地认为你会来的。
Depend upon it, we shall win the war. 放心吧，我们会打赢这场战争的。
I take it from your silence that you don't want to go. 从你的沉默中我猜想你不想去。
You can put it that it was arranged before. 你可以说这是以前安排的。
I have it on my conscience that I haven't done my duty. 我良心不安，感到没尽到我的责任。
He doesn't want it to be known that he's going away. 他不想让人知道他准备离开。
间或代表连接代（副）词引导的从句或动名词：
He hasn't made it clear when he is coming back. 他没有说明他什么时候回来。
They haven't made it known where the meeting is to take place. 他们没宣布会议在哪里开。
I think it very unwise going on like this. 我认为这样进行下去很不明智。
21.3.3 一些意义不明确的it
有些作宾语的it，并不指具体的东西，意思很含糊，甚至没有意思：
The last train's gone. We'll have to foot it. 最后一班火车已经开了，我们得步行了。
He escaped, and tramped it home, working at odd jobs. 他逃了出来，沿路打零工，像流浪汉似的回到家里。
He likes to lord it over the union staff. 他喜欢对工会下属发号施令。
You may have to rough it a bit if you come to stay. 如果你来住，你可能要过点苦日子。
Leg it to the nearest telephone. 跑到最近的电话亭去打。
I shall have it out with him later. 以后我要和他谈清楚。
He has it over me that he's been to Egypt and I haven't. 他比我强的是他去过埃及而我没去过。
Hang it all, we can't wait all day for them. 见鬼，我们不能一整天都等着他们。
I'm feeling rather off it today. 我今天感到不大舒服。
We'll make a day of it. 我们要玩一整天。
21.4 宾语从句
21.4.1 由that引导的宾语从句
1) 有大量动词可以跟由that引导的宾语从句（有时that可省略）：
I know she was against us. 我知道她反对我们。
I felt that she had a strong will. 我感到她有坚强的意志。
We suspected that it was a trick to get our money. 我们疑心这是骗我们钱的圈套。
Who can guarantee that he'll keep his word? 谁能保证他会遵守诺言？
She suddenly revealed that she was not married. 她突然透露出她并没有结婚。
He wrote me that his wife was not well. 他给我写信说他妻子身体欠佳。常见的能跟that从句的动词有：
其中有些词后面的连词that常可省略，如believe，suppose，presume，think；在say，see，know，hear，propose，understand和be told后，that可用可不用，但在笔语中不宜省略。
2) 有时可用it作先行宾语，而把从句放到句子后部去：
You can depend upon it, I shall be there. 你放心，我会去那里的。
I feel it a terrible thing that my mother should have to toil so endlessly. 我母亲只好这样没完没了地吃苦受累，我感到太可怕了。
I take it they have left for home. 我猜想他们已经回家了。
Why don't you bring it to his attention that you're too ill to go on working? 你为什么不让他注意到你病得厉害不能继续工作？
I've heard it said that you've won a scholarship. 我听说你获得了一项奖学金。
She has seen to it that all the children are well taken care of. 她已设法让所有孩子都得到很好的照顾。
关于这类结构可参阅第13.3.7和13.4.2节。
21.4.2 由连接代（副）词引导的从句
1) 也有不少动词可跟连接代词或副词引导的从句：
She was curious to know where we had been. 她很想知道我们去了哪里。
Write me how you got home. 写信告诉我你怎么到家的。
She inquired why he had not thought of that before. 她问他为什么以前没想到这一点。
Only you can decide who is the best choice. 只有你能决定谁是最佳人选。
I wonder what you call these flowers. 我想知道你把这些花叫作什么。
常见的这类动词有：
2) whether和if也常可用来引导宾语从句：
I don't know whether you like flowers. 不知道你是否喜欢花。
I'll see whether I can help you. 我会留意我是否能帮助你。
I wonder whether you would mind doing me a favour. 不知你是否介意帮我一个忙。
She didn't say if her aunt was still with them. 她没说她姨母是否还跟他们在一起。
I asked her if I might call and see her. 我问她我是否可以去看她。
I'm wondering if you would care to spend the evening with us. 不知你愿不愿意和我一起共度今宵。
关于这些结构可参阅第13.3.8节。
21.4.3 由关系代词型what引导的从句
1) 关系代词型what引导的从句也常可用作宾语：
Show me what you've bought. 把你买的东西给我看看。
She began to criticize what I had done. 她开始批评我做的事。
We cannot do what you ask of us. 我们不能做你要求我们做的事。
As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作为你的朋友，我想把听到的事告诉你。
He could not express what he felt. 他无法表达内心的感受。
Have you got what you wanted ? 你要的东西得到了吗？
甚至用作介词的宾语（其他从句这样用时是比较少的）：
Don't poke your nose into what doesn't concern you. 别多管闲事。
Can you give us a description of what has happened ? 你能否描述一下发生的事情？
Who is responsible for what has happened ? 发生的事谁负责？
She was shocked by what she had seen. 她看到的情况使她震惊。
They were not affected by what he said. 他的话对他们并无影响。
He was indifferent to what others were doing. 他对别人在做些什么漠不关心。
2) whatever这类词也可引导宾语从句：
I will do whatever you wish. 我将做你想要我做的任何事。
I'll just say whatever comes into my head. 我想到什么就说什么。
Please talk to me about whatever is troubling you. 请给我谈谈任何使你烦心的事。
I always succeed in whatever I try. 我干什么都很成功。
"Whatever you want you shall have," said the Fairy. 仙女说，“你要什么就会得到什么？”
She would tell him whatever news she got. 她会把她听到的任何消息告诉他。
You should read whatever book your teacher recommended. 你应该阅读老师推荐的任何书籍。
3) whichever，whomever也可引导宾语从句：
Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。
I said he might have whichever he liked. 我说他喜欢哪个就拿哪个。
Take whichever seat you like. 你想坐哪儿就坐哪儿。
They can vote in whichever district they choose. 他们可以随意选择在哪个区投票。
Give it to whomever you like. 你愿意把它给谁就给谁。
She can marry whoever she chooses. 她想和谁结婚就可以和谁结婚。
21.5 直接引语和间接引语
21.5.1 直接引语
1) 在引用别人的原话时，被引用的句子称为直接引语（Direct Speech）：
"I never eat meat," he explained. “我从不吃肉？”他解释说。
"What's the matter?" "Nothing," she answered. “什么事？”“没事？”她答道。
He said, "I have lost my wallet." 他说，“我的皮夹子丢了？”
在用直接引语时，引语前后要加引号，引导引语的动词称为引用动词（Reporting Verbs）。除say，ask，answer，reply之外，还有许多其他引用动词：
"Listen," she whispered. “听着？”她低声说。
"Who is it?" Wilson shouted.“是谁？”威尔逊嚷到。
"Look out!" she screamed.“小心？”她叫到。
"I'm leaving at once," he told me. 他告诉我，“我马上要走了？”
"It won't cost much," she assured me. 她向我保证，“这花不了多少钱？”
"But it will take longer," Jim objected. 吉姆反对说，“但这样花的时间就要长一些？”
2) 引用动词多数放在后面，有时放在前面（见上例），间或插在引语中间：
"Darling," Max said to her, "don't say it's impossible." “亲爱的？”麦克斯对他说，“不要说这是不可能的？”
"Sit up," he commanded, "and hold out your hands." “坐直了？”他命令道，“伸出手来？”
"I presume," he commented, "that she will learn how to do it in time." “我想？”他评论说，“慢慢她会学会怎么做的？”
"I do hope," said Mary, "they haven't forgotten all about it." “我真希望？”玛丽说，“他们没把这事全忘掉？”
3) 在把引用动词放在后面时，有时主语和动词位置可以颠倒（特别是主语较长时）：
"We wish we didn't have to take exams," said the children.“要是我们不用考试就好了？”孩子们说。
"Bill wants to go alone," said Lily, "but I'drather he went with a group." “比尔想一个人去？”莉莉说，“但我宁愿他带一组人去？”
"I shall be 20 tomorrow," said Peter. 彼得说，“明天我二十岁？”
