VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.28
"The children had better go to bed early," said Tom.“孩子们最好早点去睡觉？”汤姆说。
如果主语较短，放在前面更好一些：
"What's the meaning of that?" he asked. “这是什么意思？”他问道。
"No, thank you," she replied.“不用了，谢谢你？”她回答道。
"Here you are at last!" she exclaimed (exclaimed Jack's mother).“你终于到了？”她（杰克的母亲）叫道。
21.5.2 间接引语
1) 当用自己的话报导别人的话时，被报导的部分称为间接引语（Indirect Speech），这种结构称为引语结构（Report Structure）：
Kitty said she could wait another day. 凯蒂说她可以再等一天。
Tom replied that he was going by plane. 汤姆回答说他将坐飞机去。
这时被引语部分常常是引用动词的宾语。除了say，reply这几个词以外，还有许多动词可引导间接引语：
I felt I had little energy left. 我感到没剩多少力气了。
I guess they've already got home. 我猜他们已经到家了。
She complained that the exam was too hard. 她抱怨说考题太难了。
He explained that the buses were not running. 他解释说公共汽车停驶了。
I objected that he was too young for the position. 我反对说他年纪太小不能担任这个职务。
I protected that I had no view of that sort. 我分辩说我没有那种看法。
在多数情况下，引语都由连词that引导，但在say，tell等词后（在口语中）可以省略：
He said (that) he had lost the wallet. 他说他的钱包丢了。
Tell him I am out. 告诉他我不在家。
2) 把直接引语变成间接引语时，要根据意思改变人称：
3) 同时要根据时态呼应的原则把时态加以调整 （关于这一点可参阅第8.8.1节）：
如一般过去时有表示具体时间的状语，也可以不变：
4) 指示代词、地点及时间状语等也需要作必要的变动：
这类改变大致可以下表表示：
不过改变时不必过于机械，要根据实际情况灵活掌握，如果说话的地点没有改变，或是当天说的话，有时状语就不必变了。例如：
She said (today) she'dcall back again tonight.
She said (just now) she had got back yesterday.
She said (this morning) she was leaving tomorrow afternoon.
He said (yesterday) he was leaving today.
5) 在下面情况下动词形式不作改变：
a． 虚拟语气：
b． 某些情态动词：
c． 过去进行时（有时不变）：
6) 除了用say以外，还可以用各种动词作引用动词：
"I've just heard the news." He told me he'djust heard the news.
"It won't cost much." He answered me it wouldn't cost much.
"I did it." He admitted that he had done it.
"He was rude to me." She complained he'd been rude to her.
"You are late." He whispered that I was late.
"I can speak six languages." He boasted he could speak six languages.
"I won't tell anyone." He promised he wouldn't tell anyone.
21.5.3 间接问句
1) 直接问句可以变为间接问句，如：
He said, "Where is she going?"
He asked where she was going.
从这里可以看出间接问句前无需加连词，连接代（副）词就起连接作用了。间接问句除连接代（副）词提前外，其他部分都用自然语序，同时后面不再加问号，而用句号：
直接问句 间接问句
* * *
* * *
Who lives next door? He asked who lived next door.
What happened? He asked what had happened.
When is the next train? She asked when the next train was.
Where are you going? She asked me where I was going.
Who do you want to see? He asked me whom I wanted to see.
How do you like the tea? She asked me how I liked the tea.
Why don't you go by air? She asked him why he didn't go by air.
2) 一般问句、选择问句和反意问句变成间接问句之时，前面可用if 或whether：
直接问句 间接问句
* * *
* * *
Do you know her? He asked me if (whether) I know her.
Did you see the accident? He asked me if I had seen the accident.
Do you want to go by train or by plane? He asked me whether (if) I wanted to go by train or by plane.
Are you leaving today or tomorrow? She asked whether (if) I was leaving that day or the following day.
You like the city, don't you? She asked whether (if) I liked the city.
3) 有时直接问句也可以变为不定式（结构）或其他结构：
Shall I bring you some tea? He offered to bring me some tea.
Will you stand still? He told me to stand still.
Will (Would) you file the letters? He asked me to file the letters.
Would you like to come for a drink? He invited me round for a drink.
Shall we meet at the theater? He suggested meeting at the theatre.
21.5.4 如何引用祈使句和感叹句
1) 在引用祈使句时，多使用一个不定式，前面谓语根据语气来决定：
Lie down, Tom. He told Tom to lie down.
Don't swim in that river. He warned us not to swim in that river.
Go away! He ordered them to go away.
Do give us more time, please. He begged me to give them more time.
Show us your passport. They asked her to show them her passport.
Please sit down. She invited me to sit down.
Please don't take any risks! She begged (implored) him not to takeany risks.
Don't forget to post that letter. He reminded me to post that letter.
Go on, apply for the job. He urged me to apply for that job.
See a neurologist. He advised me to see a neurologist.
Stay where you are. He commanded us to stay where we were.
2) 有时可使用一个从句：
Let's break into small groups. Someone suggested that we should breakinto small groups.
Don't open the letter. He said I wasn't to open the letter.
Meet me at the station. He says we are to meet him at the station.
Don't drive so fast. He told me that I shouldn't drive so fast.
Let them go to their consul. She said they should go to their consul.
Lift the ban. He commanded that the ban be lifted.
Release that man at once. He ordered the man be released at once.
3) 感叹句一般不宜改为间接引语，用直接引语更能传神。偶尔也有改为间接引语的：
22.1 定语表示法
22.1.1 定语表示法
定语可以用下面这些成分表示：
1) 形容词：
It's a fine (windy, rainy, warm) day. 这是一个晴朗（刮风、下雨、暖和）的日子。
He's a sensible (kind, selfish, cruel) man. 他是一个有头脑（善良、自私、残酷）的人。
2) 代词（和限定词）：
Whose child is it? 这是谁的孩子？
Help yourself to some (more) fish. （再）吃一点鱼。
3) 数词：
There are twenty students in our class. 我们班上有二十名学生。
Is it your first visit to Japan? 你是第一次到日本？
4) 名词或名词所有格：
She is a college graduate. 她是大学毕业生。
What's your government's attitude towards the problem? 你们政府对此态度如何？
5) 分词 （短语）：
These are the roads leading to the beach. 这些是通往海滨的路。
He disapproved of the proposed conference. 他不赞成提议召开的会议。
6) 不定式（短语）：
She was quiet for days to come. 在以后的好些天中她都沉默寡言。
I've something important to discuss with you. 我有一件重要的事情要和你商谈。
7) 介词短语：
He is absorbed in his work on bacteria. 他专心于他的细菌研究。
Who is that girl with a pigtail? 那个梳辫子的女孩是谁？
8) 副词：
I have nothing special on tonight. 今晚我没有什么特别活动。
On my way home, I continued angry with Betty. 在回家的路上我继续生贝蒂的气。
9) 词组或合成词：
Is anything the matter with you? 你出什么事了？
He is an easy-going man. 他是一个好说话的人。
10) 从句：
Is there anything I can do for you? 有什么事我可以帮你做吗？
She's a girl everyone likes. 她是个人人都喜欢的姑娘。
22.1.2 用分词作定语
1) 现在分词作定语的时候不少，有些现在分词已变成形容词：
The town's water comes from the surrounding hills. 该城市的用水来自周围的群山。
She did well under trying conditions. 她在困难条件下干得很不错。
There were growing doubts about the victory statement. 对这胜利的声明越来越多的人表示怀疑。
That's a convincing argument. 这是一个有说服力的论点。
It's a rather boring book. 这是本相当枯燥乏味的书。
We had a most stimulating conversation. 我们有过一次令人兴奋的交谈。
It was a very touching story. 那是个非常动人的故事。
There is another pressing matter which we ought to take up. 还有一件我们该办的要紧事。
2) 在不少情况下，现在分词跟在所修饰的词之后，其作用相当于一个定语从句：
There is a lady asking to see you. 有一位女士要求见你。
The girl sitting by my side is my cousin. 坐在我旁边的是我表妹。
It's a room on the second floor, looking on the street. 它是三楼上一个临街的房间。
Jane joined the line of people waiting for the bus. 简加入到那排候车者之中。
Here is a map showing you how to get there. 这儿有一张地图，告诉你怎样去那里。
There are two hundred children studying here. 有两百个孩子在这里学习。
The old lady waving to us is my aunt. 向我们挥手的老太太是我姨母。
Those of you wishing to join us please stay for a few minutes. 你们中间想参加我们活动的人请留几分钟。
3) 过去分词也常用作定语，有些已变成形容词：
The excited children were opening their Christmas presents. 兴奋的孩子们正在打开他们的圣诞礼物。
The worried look deepened on her face. 她脸上的愁容加深了。
We have a very crowded schedule. 我们的日程很紧。
He passed the required examination and became a doctor. 他通过了规定的考试成了医生。
Her father is a retired general. 她父亲是一位退休将军。
The escaped convict has been captured. 逃犯被抓获了。
It was a cautiously worded statement. 这是个措辞谨慎的声明。
It was a beautifully furnished bedroom. 这是一间陈设漂亮的卧室。
4) 过去分词也可引导短语作定语，放在所修饰词后面，相当于一个定语从句：
That summer we launched a rocket designed by ourselves. 那年夏天我们发射了一枚我们自行设计的火箭。
What did you think of the play put on by the students? 学生们演的戏你觉得怎样？
They showed a French feature film dubbed into English. 他们放映了一部有英语配音的法国故事片。
I seconded the motion made by Gray. 我赞同格雷提出的动议。
He turned over in his mind the idea presented by Dad. 他考虑了一下爸提出的想法。
He joined an organization headed by Lord Berry. 他加入了一个以贝里勋爵为首的组织。
She is a nurse trained by ourselves. 她是我们自己培养的护士。
The tiny seed planted ten years before had flowered. 十年前种的一小颗种子最后开花了。
关于分词作定语可参阅第12.3.3和12.4.3节。
22.1.3 用不定式作定语
1) 在一定的句型中可用不定式作定语：
I have tons of letters to answer. 我有大量的信要回。
There is nothing to be done now. 现在已无法可想了。
I'll go and get something to drink. 我去找点饮料。
The teacher assigned us some books to read. 老师指定了几本书要我们阅读。
She needed someone to take care of her baby. 她需要一个人帮她看孩子。
They were the first to bear hardships, the last to enjoy comforts. 他们吃苦在前，享乐在后。
She is not a girl to act rashly. 她不是一个卤莽行事的姑娘。
He is a nice man to work with. 他是个好共事的人。
2) 在某些名词后常可用不定式作定语：
Has he the ability to do the work? 他有能力干这工作吗？
His anxiety to go was obvious. 他亟于想去是很明显的。
Their attempt to hurt her failed. 他们伤害她的企图失败了。
His decision to resign was welcomed by the Opposition. 他辞职的决定受到反对党的欢迎。
I haven't had chance to think yet. 我还没有时间考虑。
I had not the courage to tell you. 我没有勇气告诉你。
You have no right to do such a thing! 你没有权利这样做！
常见的能跟不定式作定语的名词有：
3) 不定式有时也可代替一个定语从句：
Perhaps in years to come we'll meet again. 也许在未来的岁月中我们还会再见面。
In the lectures to follow, she talked of her trip to Peru. 在后来的讲座中，她谈到了她的秘鲁之行。
She made a list of things to be taken on the way. 她开了一张要带在路上用的物品清单。
These are the two trainee teachers to be sent to work there. 这是将派到那里工作的两位实习教师。
We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday. 我们被邀请参加下周五在俱乐部开的晚会。
She had little time left in which to make the necessary preparations. 她没剩多少时间来做必要的准备。
关于不定式作定语的问题可参阅第12.1.6节。
22.1.4 介词短语和副词作定语
1) 介词短语作定语的时候不少，如：
The streets about the castle are full of places of historic interest. 城堡附近的街道到处是名胜古迹。
The plan for the year was fulfilled ahead of schedule. 今年的计划已提前完成。
One might call it a mistake in tactics. 我们也许可以称其为战术上的错误。
She began to give us her views on the costumes. 她开始告知我们她对那些服装的看法。
He is not worthy to talk to a man like you. 他不配和你这样的人谈话。
She is a woman of even temper. 她是个性情温和的女人。
No rose without a thorn. （谚）没有不带刺的玫瑰。
2) 某些名词后常跟介词短语作定语：
She has a great fear of snakes. 她非常怕蛇。
He shows an absence of initiative. 他表现出缺乏主动性。
I was impressed by her anxiety for knowledge. 她对知识的渴望给我留下了深刻的印象。
Loyalty to his moral convictions was his dominating passion. 对道德信念的忠诚是他的主导感情。
He showed great jealousy of their success. 对他们的成功他显得很是嫉妒。
He had lost his interest in politics. 他失去了对政治的兴趣。
She could not bear the thought of separation from her children. 想到要和孩子们分开她就难以忍受。
3) 副词作定语的时候也不少：
The clouds above began to get thicker. 上方的云朵开始密集起来。
From the hill top we could see the plains below. 从山顶上我们可以看到下面的平原。
He tried to write poetry in his off hours. 在空闲时他试着写诗。
Have you anything on this evening? 你今晚有什么活动吗？
She went to see them on her evenings out. 凡她晚上外出总去看他们。
Take the up escalator. 坐往上的电梯。
The then headmaster ordered these textbooks. 那时的校长订了这些教材。
I called on Richard on my way back. 在回途中我看望了理查德。
22.2 名词和名词词组作定语
22.2.1 名词作定语
1) 名词经常可用作定语，有些已成为固定搭配，甚至构成合成词：
information desk 问讯处 service counter 服务台
cat food 猫食 fish pond 鱼塘
music hall 音乐厅 art circles 艺术界
piano concerto 钢琴协奏曲 violin solo 小提琴独奏
football match 足球赛 tennis player 网球手
news bulletin 新闻简报 press conference 记者招待会
test paper 考卷 book report 读书报告
liver trouble 肝炎 lung cancer 肺癌
kidney stone 肾结石 heart attack 心脏病发作
bank account 银行户头 credit card 信用卡
contact lens 隐形眼镜 life insurance 人寿保险
blood pressure 血压 case history 病历
birth control 生育控制 family planning 计划生育
health centre 医疗中心 emergency room 急诊室
income tax 所得税 import duty 进口税
brain drain 人才外流 greenhouse effect 温室效应
feature film 故事片 science fiction 科幻小说
food poisoning 食物中毒 cotton wool 药棉
space station 太空站 space shuttle 航天飞机
air conditioner 空调器 air-conditioning 空调（设备）
aircraft carrier 航空母舰 arms race 军备竞赛
mineral water 矿泉水 nail varnish 指甲油
welfare state 福利国家 generation gap 代沟
2) 还可用合成名词作定语：
a long-distance call 长途电话 first-class tickets 头等舱机票
a deep-sea diver 深海潜水员 a full-page ad 整版广告
one-way traffic 单向交通 two-way traffic 双向交通
first-page news 头版新闻 second-hand shop 旧货商店
a part-time job 兼职工作 full-time staff 全职工作人员
third-world countries 第三世界国家 last-minute arrangement 最后一分钟的安排
day-to-day teaching 日常教学 a life-and-death struggle 生死斗争
one-parent families 单亲家庭 first-rate surgeon 一流的外科医生
a five-star hotel 五星级饭店 nuclear-power program 核能计划
关于名词作定语可参阅第3.5.2节。
22.2.2 由名词和of构成的定语
1) 由名词和of构成的定语非常多，而且非常有用：
a bottle of orange juice 一瓶橘汁 a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡
a glass of milk 一杯牛奶 a carton of yoghurt 一盒酸奶
a packet of cigarette 一包香烟 a tin of sardines 一听沙丁鱼
a pound of sugar 一磅白糖 a liter of beer 一公升啤酒
a bar of chocolate 一大块巧克力 a loaf of bread 一大块面包
a slice of meat 一片肉 a portion of pudding 一份布丁
a roll of paper 一卷纸 a yard of velvet 一码丝绒
an ounce of gold 一盎司金子 a spoonful of medicine 一匙药
a pair of glasses 一副眼镜 a pair of pants 一条裤子
a game of chess 一盘棋 a game of volleyball 一场排球赛
a fit of anger 一阵怒气 a bit of advice 一点忠告
a set of books 一套书 a series of problems 一系列问题
a ray of hope 一线希望 a shower of criticism 一阵批评
an expanse of water 一片水域 a stretch of land 一片土地
a crowd of people 一群人 a gang of thieves 一伙小偷
a pack of wolves 一群狼 a pride of lions 一群狮子
a school of fish 一大群鱼 a herd of cattle 一群牛
a string of pearls 一串珍珠 a bouquet of flowers 一束花
a bunch of grapes 一串葡萄 a clump of trees 一丛树
2) 也有些这类定语由复数名词构成：
lots of people 很多人 tons of fruit 大量的水果
rows of houses 一排排的房子 heaps of books 大量的书
miles of swamps 大片的沼泽地 quantities of food 大量的食物
masses of work 大量的工作 torrents of rain 倾盆大雨
numbers of tourists 大批游客 gusts of wind 一阵阵的风
groups of children 一群群的孩子 columns of smoke 一缕缕的烟
