VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.29
关于这类定语可参考第6.4.3节。
22.3 定语从句
22.3.1 限制性定语从句
1) 大多数定语从句对所修饰词的意思加以限制，表示“⋯的人（或东西？”，称为限制性定语从句（Defining Attributive Clauses），如：
The man who robbed him has been arrested. 抢劫他的人被逮捕了。
The girl whom I saw told me to come back today. 我见到的那个姑娘叫我今天再来。
That's the best hotel (that) I know. 这是我所知道的最好的旅馆。
These are the books (which) you ordered. 这些是你订购的书。
2) 这类从句多由关系代词（a）或关系副词（b）引导：
a．Everyone who (that) knew him liked him. 认识他的人都喜欢他。
The friend with whom I was traveling spoke French. 和我一道旅行的那位朋友能讲法语。
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him. 这电影是讲一个间谍，他的妻子出卖了他。
The car which (that) I hired broke down. 我租的汽车坏了。
b．At the time when I saw him, he was quite strong. 以前我看到他的时候，他身体挺壮实的。
This is the village where I was born. 这是我出生的村子。
These are the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们这样做的理由。
3) 在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，在绝大多数情况下都可以省略，特别是在口语中，在被修饰的词为all，everything等词时尤其如此：
Have you got the postcard (which) I sent you? 我寄给你的明信片收到了吗？
These are the things (that) you need. 这些就是你要的东西。
Have you got everything you need? 你需要的东西都有了吗？
Anything I can do for you? 我能帮你做什么吗？
All you have to do is to fill out this form. 你只需要填这张表就行了。
That's the only thing we can do now. 这是我们现在唯一能做的事。
You can take any room you like. 你随便要哪间房都行。
4) 有些表示时间的定语从句并不由when引导，特别是在某些句型中：
Every time the telephone rings, he gets nervous. 电话铃一响他就紧张。
This was the first time I had serious trouble with my boss. 这是我第一次和老板发生严重纠纷。
Come any time you like. 你随便什么时候来都行。
In the ten days I was there I gained four pounds in weight. 在那里的十天中我体重增加了四磅。
But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill. 从她生病的那天起就不断有人来帮忙。
She made me feel at home the moment I arrived. 我刚到达她就给我宾至如归的感觉。
Throughout the period I was in London, it rained heavily. 我在伦敦期间一直下着大雨。
where间或也可省略：
This's the place (where) we met yesterday. 这是我们昨天碰头的地方。
在way后也可跟一定语从句,不需关系代词或副词：
That's the way I look at it. 这就是我对这事的看法。
They can't help seeing things in the way they do. 他们不由自主地以这种方式看事情。
I did not like the way he eyed me. 我不喜欢他瞪着眼睛瞧我的样子。
22.3.2 非限制性定语从句
1) 非限制性定语从句（Non-defining Attributive Clauses）对所修饰的词没有限制词义的作用，而只是补充一些说明，通常都有一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开，在译成中文时，这个从句多译成一个并列句。限制性定语从句拿掉以后，句子意思常发生变化，甚至不能成立，而非限制性定语从句拿掉以后对剩下部分没有太大的影响：
Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town. 彼得开了一天的车，提议在下一座城市停下来。
Paul, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent. 大家都怀疑保罗，后来证明他是无辜的。
Mr. Smith, for whom I was working, was very generous about overtime payments. 史密斯先生是我的老板，他付超时工资很大方。
This is George, whose class you will be taking. 这是乔治，你将接手教他的班。
The 9:30 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today. 9点30分的火车通常都很准时，今天却误点了。
This house, for which he paid$150, 000, is now worth$300,000. 这所房子他买时花了十五万美元，现在值三十万美元了。
They went to the Royal Theatre, where they saw Ibsen's Peer Gent. 我们去了皇家剧院，在那里我们看了易卜生的《彼尔•英特》。
Sunday is a holiday, when people do not go to work. 星期天是假日，这一天人们不上班。
应注意的是，在这类从句中不能使用关系代词that和关系副词why，也不能省略任何关系副词，这类从句主要出现在书面语中。
2) 在非限制性定语从句中which和whom常可和of或其他介词连用：
It now has 20,000 hectares of land, more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation. 现在它拥有两万公顷土地，其中三分之二已经耕种。
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大部分都已满载，周围是一大群愤怒的人。
I picked up the apples, some of which are badly bruised. 我拾起了那些苹果，其中有些碰损很严重。
It had drafted two constitutions, one of which was never put in force. 它草拟了两份宪法，其中一份从未实施过。
This morning some Port wine arrived, for which I know I have to thank you.今天早上送来了一些波尔图红葡萄酒，对此我知道我得感谢你。
She had eight children, three of whom lived to grow up. 她生了八个孩子，其中三个长大成人了。
Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week. 她的两个儿子都在国外工作，每周都给她打电话。
I met the fruit-pickers, several of whom were college students. 我碰到那些摘水果的人，其中有几个是大学生。
3) which有时不代表一个名词，而代表前面句子的全部或部分意思：
They rely on themselves, which is much better. 他们依靠自己，这样好得多。
He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him. 他请我们吃饭，这是他的好意。
He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn't like. 他星期天得工作，这是他不喜欢的。
He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。
He drank beer, which made him fat. 他喝啤酒，这使他发胖。
When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping. 他常常聚精会神地工作，这时他会废寝忘食。
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。
4) which在从句中有时作定语：
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I should apologize. 我把他的名字叫错了，对此错误我应当道歉。
He is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today. 他在学经济学，这种知识今天很重要
Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French. 汤姆在大学待了四年，在此期间他学了法语。
I may have to go into hospital, in which case I won't be going on holiday. 我可能得住院，如果那样我就不去度假了。
关于定语从句还可参阅第5.6.1—5.6.5节和第15.1.6节。
22.3.3 一些其他的定语从句
1) as也可以用作关系代词，可引导定语从句，主要和such连用：
We have such grapes as you never saw. 我们有你从未见过的葡萄。
They felt such heat in the jungle as they had never felt before. 在丛林中他们感受到了从未感受过的炎热。
He returned with such provisions as were needed. 他回来时带来了所需的用品。
Such money as he earned was spent on spirits and tobacco. 他挣的那点钱都花在烟酒上了。
such和as有时连在一起：
We hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had. 我们希望给你一个别人从未有过的机会。
There was a look of fear in his eyes, such as people have when they are suddenly awakened. 他眼中透出一种人们突然被叫醒时露出的惊恐情绪。
as还可以单独引导定语从句：
Sophia was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes. 索非娅并未失去知觉，这从她的眼神中可以看出来。
He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. 他是个外国人，我从他的口音中可以听出来。
He is a teacher, as is clear from his manner. 他是一位教师，这从他的举止上可以看得很清楚。
As was expected, he performed the task with success. 正像预料的，他成功地完成了任务。
2) but也可用作关系代词来引导定语从句，意思接近于that （who）...not （这种用法已经有些陈旧）：
There is no tree but bears some fruit. （谚）没有不结果实的树。
There are very few but admire his talents. 很少有人不佩服他的才华。
Surely there isn't a mother but faces this problem. 可以肯定，凡是母亲都面临着这个问题。
3) whereby，wherein，whereupon也可引导定语从句：
They've set a plan whereby (=by which) you can spread the cost over a period. 他们定出了一个办法，照此你可以分期付款。
We need to devise a system whereby people can liaise with each other. 我们需要设计一种系统，通过它人们可以互相联络。
He gazed once more around the room, wherein (=in which) were assembled his entire family. 他再次注目于屋内各处，那里聚集了他全家。
I told her she looked fat, whereupon (=upon which) she threw the entire contents of a saucepan at me and burst into tears. 我告诉她她看上去胖了，听了这话她把平底锅里的东西都向我泼来，然后便放声大哭。
这种用法仅限于书面语，而且有些陈旧。
22.4 同位语
22.4.1 用名词、代词或数词作同位语
1) 在名词后常可跟另一名词作它的同位语，说明它指谁：
She is my niece Maria. 她是我的侄女玛丽亚。
同位语有两种：
a．限制性同位语——它和前面的名词（代词）关系比较紧密，中间没有逗号把它们分开：
My aunt Lena is staying with me. 我的姨母丽娜和我们住在一起。
He wrote a biography of the Russian writer Tolstoy. 他写了一部俄国作家托尔斯泰的传记。
You girls are much more active than us boys. 你们女生比我们男生活跃多了。
b．非限制性同位语——它和前面名词的关系比较松散，中间通常有一个逗号把它们分开（表示略有停顿）：
This is Professor Baker, head of our department. 这是我们的系主任贝克教授。
They are staying at Beidaihe, a summer resort in Northern China. 他们现在北戴河，它是华北的一个避暑胜地。
We completed the project in six months, half the usual time. 我们用六个月时间完成了这项工程，这只是平常时间的一半。
We have everything we need:land, funds and technology. 我们拥有所需的一切：土地、资金和技术。
Qinghai, the largest inland body of salt water in China, lies 3,198 meters above sea-level. 我国最大的内陆咸水湖青海湖海拔3,198米。
One, Haisipi Island, has an area of 0.46 sq. km. and the other, Bird Island, measures 0.11 sq. km. 一个叫海西皮岛，面积0.46平方公里，另一个叫鸟岛，面积0.11平方公里。
多数的同位语属于后一类。
2) 有些同位语是代词（a）或是数词（b）：
a．We're both from (both came from) the north. 我们俩都是北方人。
The theory itself is all right. 这理论本身没有问题。
We each put forward a proposal. 我们每人提出了一个建议。
They none of them said anything. 他们谁也没有说什么。
She seemed different from us all. 她似乎和我们大家都不同。
b．Is there room for us two? 有我们两人的位置吗？
You three sit here. 你们三人坐这里。
Another example is John Brown Senior, now 66, who has been here for 40 years. 另外一个例子是老约翰·布朗，现在六十六岁，在这里已经四十年了。
Some 485 million people, about two-fifths of our population, live in this immense area. 约有四亿八千五百万人，占我们人口的五分之二，居住在这片辽阔的地区。
22.4.2 用形容词或词组作同位语
1) 有些同位语可以是形容词：
People, old and young, came out to greet the distinguished visitors. 老老少少都出来迎接贵宾。
Middle-aged, tall and thin, he looked the typical Shanxi farmer. 他是中年人，瘦高个儿，看上去是一个典型的山西农民。
2) 有些同位语结构复杂一些，带有一个副词或代词：
Xiao Yan, normally a timid girl, argued heatedly with them about it. 小燕平常是一个腼腆的姑娘，现在也和他们热烈地辩论此事。
It has several waiting rooms, all airy and filled with chairs and sofas. 它有几间候车室，通风很好，摆满了椅子和长沙发。
Two phosphate mines, one in Hubei and the other in Guizhou, are being speedily built. 两座磷矿，一在湖北，一在贵州，正在加速建设。
These methods, systematically summarized, are now being popularized in the whole country. 这些方法经过系统总结，正在全国推广。
这类同位语也可以提前，特别是主语比较短时，来给它以突出的位置：
A peasant by birth, Liu Qiang is straightforward in character. 刘强是农民出身，是个直性子。
A skilful hand at improving tools, Xiao Hu helped to make a new type of cutter. 小胡是改革工具的能手，他帮助制作了一种新型刀具。
Formerly a worker himself, he is now an engineer. 他过去是工人，现在是工程师了。
3) 有些同位语结构更复杂一点，由for example, including等引导：
They visit eight cities, for example, London and Paris. 他们访问了八座城市，如伦敦和巴黎。
New Zealand possesses rich mineral deposits, including gold. 新西兰拥有丰富的矿藏，包括黄金。
The children like the animals, particularly the panda. 孩子们很喜欢那些动物，特别是熊猫。
I like all the kids, especially Lester. 我喜欢所有的孩子，特别是莱斯特。
I'm pleased with only one boy, namely George. 我只喜欢一个男孩子，那就是乔治。
He is a cutter—that is to say, a man who sells knives and sharp tooles. 他是一位刀具匠，也就是说，一个出售各种刀和锋利工具的人。
22.4.3 同位语从句
1) 有很多名词后可以跟that引导的从句，说明其内容，可称为同位语从句（Appositive Clauses）：
There was no doubt that he was a fine scholar. 毫无疑问，他是位优秀的学者。
He was conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing.他意识到她不赞成他在做的事。
We received a message that he would be absent. 我们收到了他将缺席的消息。
We have proof that this man committed the crime. 我们有证据说明是这个人犯的罪。
I've expressed the opinion that she can act. 我表明了她能演戏的看法。
I have good hopes they will give you a visa at Locarno. 我抱有很大希望，他们会在洛迦诺发给你签证。
I had the impression that she chose her words with care. 我有印象，她选词很小心。
He presented evidence that his thesis was based on original research. 他提交证据表明，他的论文是根据原先的研究写成的。
I had no idea that your husband was opposed to my visit. 我不知道你丈夫反对我来访。
He came to see her in the belief that he will be welcome. 他来看她，相信他会受到欢迎。
He had the feeling that he would not see her again. 他感觉他再也见不到她了。
I've come to the conclusion that it won't be wise to do so. 我得出结论这样做是不明智的。
There is a rumour that you have resigned. 有谣言说你辞职了。
The report that he was going to resign was false. 他将辞职的传闻是假的。
There is some possibility (that) he may be late. 他有可能晚到。
I give my guarantee that he will support the idea. 我（向你）保证他会支持这个想法。
Tears filled her eyes at the thought that she might never see him again. 想到她可能再也见不到他，她眼中充满了泪水。
They received assurance that the Union would stand by them. 他们得到保证工会将支持他们。
2) 同位语从句有时和前面的名词分开：
The rumour spread that a new school would be built here. 谣传这里要盖一所新学校。
The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. 消息传开说他彩票中奖赢得了一辆汽车。
The story goes that he often beats his wife. 传说他经常打老婆。
The order soon came that all civilians must evacuate the village. 不久传来命令，所有村民必须撤离村庄。
Report has it that five people were killed in the accident. 据传这次事故中死了五个人。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他突然想到敌人可能已逃离这座城市。
3) 在少数情况下可用连接副（代）词引导的从句作同位语：
You have no idea how worried I was. 你不知道我多发愁。
I have no idea why she left. 我不知道她为什么走了。
He had no idea what a remarkable woman Maggie is. 他不知道玛吉是个多么出色的女人。
There is some doubt (as to) whether John will come on time. 对约翰是否会准时到有一些怀疑。
23.1 状语表示法
23.1.1 状语表示法
状语可以由以下成分表示：
1) 副词：
He secretly decided to leave the town. 他私下决定离开这座城市。
We'll raise the money somehow. 我们将以某种方式筹集这笔钱。
2) 介词短语：
He traveled in the desert for six months. 他在沙漠里走了六个月。
We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。
3) 不定式（短语）：
I went there to see my grandmother. 我到那里去看我奶奶。
The suitcase is too heavy to be carried by a child. 箱子太重小孩拿不动。
4) 分词（短语）：
Being a poor teacher, he can't afford to buy a car. 他是一位穷教师，买不起汽车。
Compared to her affection, nothing else had any worth. 和她的感情相比，别的东西都没有什么价值。
5) 形容词：
He said nothing but sat silent smoking .他没说话，只静坐在那里抽烟。
Fresh from the oven, rolls are delicious. 刚出炉的小面包很好吃。
6) 词组：
I shall stay another five months. 我将再待五个月。
First thing in the morning we swept the courtyard for the landlord. 每天早上我们的第一件事就是给房东扫院子。
7) 复合结构：
It being a holiday, the library isn't open. 这天是假日，图书馆不开门。
They will send you the book for$2.50, postage included. 他们将把书寄给你，书价2.50美元，邮资在内。
8) 从句：
Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来时请关好门。
However often I try, I can't find the answer. 不管尝试多少次，我都找不到答案。
间或可以用名词作状语：
We've been sitting hours waiting for you. 我们坐了好几个钟头等你。
She's feeling miles better today. 她今天感到好多了。
23.1.2 不定式（短语)作状语
1) 不定式常可作状语来表示目的（a）、结果（b）、程度（c）、原因（d）等：
a．We can send a car over to fetch you. 我们可以派车去接你。
She had suffered so much to bring up the children. 她受了很多苦来把孩子带大。
The test questions are kept secret, so as to prevent cheating. 考题都保密以防止作弊。
b．Who could be so mean as to do a thing like that? 谁会这样缺德做出这样的事？
He hurried to the place only to find the house empty. 他赶到那里只发现房子里空无一人。
She left home, never to return again. 她离开了家，再也没有回来。
c．It was too late to do anything now. 现在做什么都已为时太晚。
You're far too clever to have done that. 你很聪明，不会做出这种事的。
We are fortunate enough to get an empty car. 我们很幸运，找到了一辆空车。
d.I rejoice to see you here. 在这里见到你很高兴。
She shuddered to think of it. 想到这事她不寒而栗。
What has happened to make you so sad ? 出了什么事让你这样伤心？
2) 在许多作表语的形容词后可跟不定式（短语）作状语（多表示原因）：
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起给你添了这么多麻烦。
I'm surprised to hear you say that. 听到你这样讲我很吃惊。
Be careful not to break anything. 小心点别打破什么东西。
I was wrong to tell her about it. 我把这事告诉她是错误的。
有很多形容词后面可跟不定式，常见的有：
3) 不定式（短语）还可以用来修饰整个句子，可称为句子状语（Sentence Adverbials）：
To be frank, your English is not flawless. 坦率地说，你的英语不是完美无暇的。
To be honest, I don't quite agree with you. 说老实话，我不完全同意你的意见。
We must go cautiously, to be sure. 的确，我们得谨慎行事。
The dog is, so to speak, a member of the family. 狗可以说是家庭的一个成员。
To tell you the truth, I hate to do it. 说真的，我不愿这样做。
To make a long story short, they began to study the problem in earnest. 长话短说，他们开始认真研究这个问题。
You are wrong about the facts to begin with. 首先你把事实都弄错了。
To put it mildly, she's just a bit inquisitive. 说得轻一点，她就是有点爱打听。
