VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.30
To be fair, he wasn't entirely to blame for that. 说句公道话，这不能全怪他。
This is inconsistency, to say the least. 说得再轻些，这也是前后矛盾。
关于不定式作状语的情况可参阅12.1.7节和13.5.9节。
23.2 副词作状语
23.2.1 副词作状语
1) 副词的主要作用就是作状语，特别是以-ly结尾的副词，它们可以修饰动词（a），也可以修饰形容词、副词等（b）：
a．He looked at me suspiciously. 他用怀疑的眼光看着我。
He angrily denied that he had stolen the document. 他气愤地否认他偷了文件。
She kindly waited for me. 她好心等候我。
He behaved badly. 他表现很差。
b．You're entirely wrong. 你完全错了。
Perhaps you're partly right. 或许你有一部分是对的。
He behaved extremely badly. 他表现极差。
They were getting along fairly well. 他们相处得相当好。
2) 还有相当多副词不以-ly结尾，它们可以修饰动词（a），也可以修饰形容词或副词（b）：
a．I've seen that man somewhere. 我在什么地方见过那个人。
She speaks French well. 她法语讲得好。
Round and round flew the plane. 飞机不断盘旋着。
She is living abroad. 她现在国外居住。
b．You've done quite well. 你干得挺好。
I have been rather unwell this week. 这星期我感到相当不舒服。
The bag isn't big enough. 这袋子不够大。
Pretty soon the lilacs would be in bloom. 很快丁香就要开花了。
23.2.2 句子副词
有一些副词可以修饰整个句子，说明说话人的态度，称为句子副词（Sentence Adverbs）：
Honestly, I think you're a little prejudiced. 说真的，我感觉你有点偏见。
Luckily, she were in when I called. 幸好我去时她在家。
Curiously enough, he had never seen the little girl. 说也奇怪，他从未见过那小女孩。
Most likely, he's gone to bed. 很可能他已经睡了。
What he says is true, possibly. 他的话可能是真的。
常见的这类副词如：
23.2.3 起连词作用的副词
还有许多副词可起连词的作用，使句子与上下文连系更紧密，从而使句子更流畅：
She went to a party and therefore did not study her lesson. 她去参加了晚会，因此没复习功课。
The cost of materials rose sharply last year. Accordingly, this increase was passed on to the consumer in higher prices. 去年原料价格猛涨，因此，这一成本的增加以提价的方式转嫁到了消费者头上。
There were no news;nevertheless she went on hoping. 没有消息，尽管如此，她还继续期待着。
Bicycling is good exercise;moreover, it doesn't pollute the air. 骑自行车是很好的运动，而且不会污染空气。
这类副词常见的如：
23.2.4 一些特别的副词
1) 不少副词与形容词同形：
I bought it cheap. 我买得很便宜。（比较：It's very cheap.）
I clean forget about it. 这事我完全忘了。（比较：Is it clean?）
Come close. 走近些。（比较：He's close to my house.）
He doesn't play fair. 他不能公平行事。（比较：It's a fair comment.）
下面这些常用词都既可作副词又可作形容词：
2) 有许多对同根的副词，一个带-ly词尾，一个不带，意思不尽相同：
带-ly词尾的副词不带 -ly词尾的副词
* * *
* * *
I'm deeply impressed. 我印象很深。
I went deep into the woods. 我深入到树林中。
I'll come directly. 我马上就来。
Go direct home. 直接回家。
He's easily hurt. 他容易生气。
Go easy with her. 对她要慢慢来。
She flatly refused. 她干脆地拒绝了。
Lie down flat. 平着躺下。
They talked freely. 他们随意地交谈。
Don't let the dog run free. 别让狗随便乱跑。
He was fully recovered. 他完全恢复了。
You know it full well. 这一点你完全清楚。
I hardly ever go out. 我很少出门。
Hit the ball hard. 使劲击球。
It's highly confidential. 这极其机密。
The eagle flies high. 鹰飞得很高。
He was treated justly. 他受到公正对待。
He's just a child. 他还只是个孩子。
Lastly, I wish you a good journey.最后，我祝你旅途愉快。
When did you see her last? 你上次见到她是什么时候？
I haven't been well lately. 我近来身体不太舒服。
I went to bed late. 我睡得很晚。
It was nearly midnight. 快到午夜了。
He lives quite near. 他住得很近。
How prettily she sings! 她唱得真美！
It rained pretty hard. 雨相当大。
关于副词作状语还可参阅15.2.1节。
23.3 介词短语和相关副词作状语
23.3.1 介词短语作状语
介词短语作状语的时候最多，可以表示：
1) 时间：
She was born in 1990. 她是1990年出生的。
A reception was held on New Year's Eve. 除夕晚上开了一个招待会。
He swims every day during the summer. 夏天他每天都游泳。
She stayed with me throughout my illness. 在我生病期间她都陪着我。
2) 地点：
We sat down on the grass. 我们在草地上坐下。
English is being spoken all over the world. 全世界都讲英语。
She had pains in her back all the time. 她一直背疼。
I live at 403, Brook Street. 我住在布鲁克街403号。
3) 方式：
I'm going there by plane (bus, taxi). 我准备坐飞机（巴士、出租车）去。
He stared at me in astonishment. 他惊异地凝视着我。
She faced it with calmness. 她镇静地面对它。
He looked at me without expression. 他毫无表情地看着我。
4) 原因：
I am so sorry for what I said to you. 我为我对你说的话而抱歉。
Her sister had died of cancer. 她姐姐因癌症而死。
She is now, owing to ill health, not so active in class. 由于身体不好，她在课堂上不那么活跃。
He's angry on that account. 为此他很生气。
5) 其他：
She was pleased with the result. 她对结果感到满意。
In my opinion, the scheme is unsound. 照我看，这计划不够稳妥。
I think you are prejudiced against Jack. 我想你对杰克有偏见。
He quarreled with everyone. 他和谁都吵架。
23.3.2 be＋形容词＋介词短语
1) 这种结构非常普遍，许多形容词可以跟介词短语作状语：
He was fond of history. 他很喜欢历史。
She was very keen on art. 她酷爱艺术。
He was afraid of nothing. 他什么也不怕。
She was frightened of the police. 她害怕警察。
He's not interested in research. 他对研究工作没兴趣。
She was annoyed with me. 她生我的气。
He was angry with me (at what I said). 他生我的气（对我的话生气）。
I'm ashamed of what I did. 我为我的行为感到羞愧。
Of course she's proud of what you've done. 她自然为你的行为感到骄傲。
He was amazed at her attitude. 他对她的态度感到惊讶。
I'm bored with the subject. 对这问题我已感到厌烦。
What are you busy about? 你在忙什么？
She is very glad (happy) about her new job. 她为她的新工作而高兴。
He was delighted with the child (at the news). 他很喜欢这孩子（听了这消息很高兴）。
He was sorry about her departure. 他为她的离去感到难过。
She was good at looking after people. 她善于照顾人。
We are fully aware of the gravity of the situation. 我们完全意识到形势的严峻。
He was completely absorbed in his work. 他专心致志于他的工作。
He is full of good ideas (hope and happiness). 他好主意很多（充满希望和喜悦）。
She is jealous of you. 她嫉妒你。
They were pleased with the girl (their new house). 他们很喜欢这女孩（他们的新房子）。
I'm very satisfied with you (the present situation). 我对你（目前形势）很满意。
He was eager for success. 他渴望成功。
She was excited about it (at hearing this). 对此（听了这消息）她很兴奋。
You should be content with what you have. 你应该满足于你已有的东西。
Lily has been anxious for your return. 莉莉一直盼望你回来。
Be careful of what you are doing (with your work). 要小心做事（你的工作）。
He's careless about his appearance (money matters). 他对自己的外表（金钱的事）漫不经心。
I'm quite certain (sure) of it. 我对此是有把握的。
She's used (accustomed) to doing this work. 她习惯于做这种工作。
The driver is responsible for the accident. 发生这事故开车的人有责任。
She is liable to colds (disease). 她容易感冒（生病）。
He's quite capable of neglecting his duties. 他完全有可能玩忽职守。
I'm most grateful to you. 我对你非常感激。
He was faithful to his principles. 他忠于他的原则。
2) 有时句子主语可以是一样东西或事物：
Your system is different from ours. 你们的制度和我们的不同。
France is famous for its wines. 法国因其葡萄酒而出名。
Wheat is similar to barley. 小麦和大麦相像。
Is the book suitable for publication? 这书适合出版吗？
Vegetables are good for you. 蔬菜对你有好处。
It's ready for use immediately. 它马上就可使用。
His death was due to negligence. 他的死是疏忽造成的。
The shipyard is capable of producing nuclear submarines. 这家造船厂能生产核潜艇。
No one's life is entirely free from troubles. 没有哪个人的一生完全没有麻烦事。
This was contrary to her usual habits. 这和她通常的习惯是相反的。
Her eyes were full of tears. 她眼中充满泪水。
The room was almost bare of furniture. 这房间几乎没有家具。
The age was productive of men of genius. 那个时代天才辈出。
His argument is devoid of logic. 他的论证毫无逻辑性。
The streets were empty of traffic at night. 夜里街上没有车辆。
23.3.3 用副词小品词作状语
与介词同形的副词称为副词小品词（Adverb Particles），它们多数都可用作状语：
I'm used to going about alone. 我习惯于独来独往。
Stars glittered above. 星星在天空闪烁。
He came across slowly. 他慢步走了过来。
He whistled softly as he walked along. 他一面走，一面轻轻地吹着口哨。
There was a clear stream running alongside. 旁边流淌着一条清澈的小溪。
He looked around but could see nobody. 他四处张望，但看不见任何人。
He had never been in love before. 他从未谈过恋爱。
Look behind. 往后瞧。
The rose-garden lay below. 玫瑰园在下方。
Marx did not merely see the surface but penetrated beneath. 马克思不仅看到表面，而且深入其里。
Besides, I want you to promise me one thing. 此外，我要你答应我一件事。
We visited the Art Gallery in the morning and an exhibition later, with a hurried lunch between. 我们上午先参观了美术馆，后来看展览会，中间匆匆吃了一顿饭。
Kate came several times to the front door, but not beyond. 凯特曾几次来到大门口，但没有出大门。
Mr. Brown came by and saw us. 布朗先生从一旁走过，看见了我们。
The little girl has fallen down. 小女孩跌倒了。
A taxi came along and I got in. 一辆出租车开过来，我坐了上去。
Stay inside till the rain stops. 留在家里，直到雨停了再出去。
The bird flew off. 鸟飞走了。
We went on down the road. 我们沿着马路往前走。
Let's sleep out (in the garden). 咱们在外边（花园里）睡。
He heard a step outside. 他听见外面有脚步声。
Some wild geese have just flown over. 几只大雁刚从上方飞过。
He walked past without noticing me. 他从一旁走过，却没看见我。
Shall I show you round? 我要不要带你到处看看？
What have you been doing since? 在那以后你一直在干什么？
They wouldn't let us through. 他们不让我们过去。
They followed a sound policy throughout. 他们一直奉行一项正确的政策。
The swimmer surfaced and went under again. 那游泳者浮上水面又潜入水下。
But he wasn't hard, underneath he was kind. 但他并不厉害，内心里他很善良。
He got up and looked out of the window. 他站起身向窗外张望。
The curtains were white without and green within. 窗帘外面是白的，里面是绿的。
23.4 形容词及分词（短语）作状语
23.4.1 形容词作状语
1) 形容词有时也可用作状语，常和句子的谓语用逗号隔开：
She went back to Boston, eager to see her children. 她回到波斯顿，急于见她的孩子。
He rushed over, anxious to help. 他跑了过来，亟想帮忙。
The boy nodded, pale and scared. 男孩点了点头，脸色苍白，十分惊恐。
The company laughed, friendly and pleased. 这伙人笑了，友好而高兴。
Greatly instrested, I asked him how to operate the machine. 我很感兴趣，问他这机器怎样操作。
Greatly disappointed, he decided to leave the place. 他大失所望，决定离开这个地方。
Helpless, I decided to give up the job. 我无可奈何，决定辞去这份工作。
Modest and unassuming, he soon put everybody at ease. 他谦逊没有架子，很快使大家感到无拘无束。
2) 有时和动词一起用，中间不加逗号：
He stood helpless, not knowing what to do. 他无可奈何地站着，不知如何是好。
He sat motionless. 他一动不动地坐着。
Barbary lay still and happy. 巴巴里静静地躺着，感到很高兴。
The hunter fired and the tiger fell dead. 猎人开枪，老虎倒地死了。
All men are born equal. 所有的人生而平等。
Don't throw that plastic bag away, it may come in handy. 别把那塑料袋扔掉，它可能会有用处的。
He flushed crimson with indignation. 他气得满脸通红。
He offered to supply him with another clock free of charge. 他答应免费给他另一台钟。
3) 有些形容词和宾语有较密切的关系（这些形容词介乎状语和宾语补语之间）：
She pushed the door open. 她把门推开。
He pulled his belt tight. 他勒紧裤带。
They eat the fish raw. 这种鱼他们生吃。
We drink it hot. 我们喝热的。
They beat him uncurious. 他们把他打得失去知觉。
He knocked her senseless. 他把她打得不省人事。
This noise is drivingme mad (crazy). 这嘈杂的声音吵得我快疯了。
23.4.2 现在分词（短语）作状语
1) 现在分词（短语）也常可用作状语，通常有逗号把它和主谓语分开，可以表示伴随情况（a）、原因（b）、时间（c）等：
a．Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver. 他打开抽屉，拿出一把左轮手枪。
Taking off our shoes, we crept cautiously along the passage. 脱掉了鞋，我们小心翼翼地沿着通道爬行。
He lay still, staring blankly at the ceiling. 他静静地躺着，茫然地望着天花板。
She went out of the room, taking the flowers with her. 她带着那些花走出屋去。
Lena shook her head, smiling. 丽娜笑着摇了摇头。
b．Fearing that the police would recognize him, he never went out in daylight.由于怕被警察认出，他白天从不出去。
Being poor himself, he couldn't help us. 他自己就很穷，没有力量帮助我们。
Not knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her. 由于不知道她的地址，我们无法和她联系。
Feeling rather tired, she went to bed. 由于感到相当疲劳，她就睡觉了。
c．Hearing the news, they decided to act. 听到这消息，他们决定采取行动。
Seeing this, she became rather worried. 看到这情况，她很有些发愁。
Arriving there, he made up his mind to go in. 到达那里后，他决定进去。
Walking through the park, we saw a fine flower show. 我们从公园穿过时看到一个漂亮的花卉展。
2) 分词有时用完成形式（a），有时有自己的逻辑主语（b）：
a．Having been there once, he knew the place fairly well. 由于去过那里一次，他很熟悉这地方。
Not having received instructions, he didn't know what to do. 由于没收到指示，他不知道该怎么办。
Having divorced twice, she didn't want to marry again. 由于离过两次婚，她不想再结婚。
I didn't feel terribly shocked, having expected all this. 这情况我早已料到，因此我并不觉得过于震惊。
b．The day being fine, we decided to have a picnic by the lake. 天气很好，我们决定到湖边野餐。
There being nothing else to discuss, he declared the meeting closed. 由于没有别的事要讨论，他宣布闭会。
Her sister being dead, she brought up her nephew. 她姐姐死了，她把她的外甥带大。
Weather permitting, we'll go on a tour of the lake district next week. 如果天气允许，我们下星期将去游览湖区。
以上结构主要用在书面语中。
3) 有些分词常和某些动词连用，中间不带逗号：
She was always ready to go skating (swimming, fishing). 她向来爱去溜冰（游泳、钓鱼）。
He came running in from the yard. 他从院子里跑了进来。
I have spent all day looking for you. 我花了一整天时间找你。
I wasted a whole afternoon trying to convince her. 我白费了一整个下午设法劝说她。
They were busy making artificial flowers. 他们忙着做纸花。
I lay tossing half the night. 我翻来覆去半夜没睡着。
He sat at his desk working. 他坐在办公桌前工作。
I had a difficult time persuading him. 我费了很大劲才说服他。
这类句子口语中也常出现。
关于现在分词作状语的用法可参阅第12.3.5节。
23.4.3 过去分词（短语）作状语
1) 用过去分词作状语的时候也不少，可表示伴随情况（a）、原因（b）、时间（c）等：
a．He entered, accompanied by his secretary. 他由秘书陪着走了进来。
Aroused by the crash, he leapt to his feet. 被轰然的响声惊醒，他一跃站了起来。
A woman came in, followed by her daughter. 一个妇女走了进来，后面跟着她的女儿。
"Of course," said Rose, astonished. 罗丝惊讶地说，“当然？”
Seated in the car, the president waved to the crowd. 总统坐在车上向人群挥手。
b．Moved by his speech, many people volunteered to help in the work. 受他讲话的感动，许多人自愿参加这项工作。
Tom, horrified at what he had seen, could not say anything. 汤姆对看到的情况感到惊恐，什么话也说不出来。
Having been warned about the bandits, she left her valuables at home. 由于有人警告她有盗匪，她把贵重物品都留在家里。
c．Driven beyond endurance, he ran away from the plantation. 他忍无可忍，逃出了种植园。
Surprised at my reaction, she tried to console me. 我的反应使她吃惊，她设法安慰我。
Taken in time, the medicine will be quite effective. 如果及时服用，这药是相当有效的。
Looked at politically, it is an important question. 从政治上看，这是一个重要的问题。
2) 有些动词可以跟过去分词作状语，中间并不加逗号：
Ten others lay wounded there. 另外十个人受伤躺在那里。
He decided to lie hidden for a few days longer. 他决定再躲藏几天。
The valley lay spread out before us. 河谷展现在我们面前。
The thought lay buried in her heart. 这想法一直埋藏在她心中。
The girls stood grouped together at one end of the room. 姑娘们聚在一起，站在房间的一头。
I stand prepared to dispute it. 我准备对此提出异议。
关于过去分词作状语可参阅第12.4.5节。
23.5 状语从句
23.5.1 时间状语从句
1) 英语中有大量的时间状语从句（Adverbial Clauses of Time），多由连词引导（关于这类连词可参阅第17.2.1节）：
When she pressed the button the lift stopped. 她一按电钮电梯就停住了。
As the sun rose, the fog dispersed. 太阳升起时雾消散了。
While the discussion was going on, George came in. 讨论正在进行时乔治进来了。
All things are difficult before they are easy. （谚）凡事总是先难后易。
I found the letter long after he had gone away. 他走了好久之后我才发现那封信。
I will return the book as soon as I have read it. 书一看完我就还回来。
I have had another baby since I saw you last. 自上次见到你之后我又有了一个宝宝。
On and on he went, till (until) he reached the outskirts of the wood. 他走了又走，直到走到林子边。
Come and talk to me whenever you feel lonely. 凡你感到寂寞时就来和我说说话。
