VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.32
To the list may be added the following names. 名单上还可以加上以下这些名字。
In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 远处可以看见紫色的群山。
2) 为了使描绘显得更生动，有些与介词同形的副词可以移到句首，而把主语放到谓语后面去：
Up went the arrow into the air. 飕的一声箭射上了天。
She rang the bell. In came a girl she had not seen before. 她按铃，进来一个她从未见过的姑娘。
Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from the bushes. 一声吼叫，草丛中呼地冲出一只老虎。
Out sprang the cuckoo. 布谷鸟蹦了出来。
Down flew the eagle to seize the chicken. 老鹰飞下来抓小鸡。
24.2.5 分词和表语移到句首的情况
1) 进行时态中的分词有时可移到句首，来对这动作加以强调：
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen. 躺在地板上的是一个约十七岁的男孩。
Standing beside the table was an interpreter. 站在桌旁的是一位翻译。
Hanging from the rafters were strings of onions. 椽子上挂着一串串洋葱。
Running across it is a stream named Peach Brook. 穿过这里有条小溪，叫作桃花溪。
Watching the performances were mostly foreign tourists. 观看演出的大多是一些外国游客。
2) 以过去分词作表语的句子，过去分词有时也可以提前，把主语放到后面去：
The most widely distributed is the Hui people. 分布最广的是回族。
Seated on the ground are a group of young people. 坐在地上的是一伙年轻人。
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, lead and zinc. 地下埋藏着大量的金、银、铅和锌。
Pictured here is a wooden tub used for gathering water-chestnuts. 这里画的是一个采菱用的木盆。
Scattered like stars in the deep mountains are numerous reservoirs and ponds. 在深山里有无数星罗棋布的水库和蓄水池。
3) 作表语的介词短语有时也可以提前：
On the other side is northern Xinjiang. 在另一边是北疆。
Among its products are farm machines and mining equipment. 它的产品中有农业机械和采矿设备。
Next to it is another restaurant where we can have Chinese food. 它隔壁是另一家餐馆，在那里可以吃中餐。
Around the lake are a huge number of farms. 湖四周有为数众多的农场。
Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard. 靠近村子南头有一座大梨园。
4) 其他表语也可提前：
Higher up were forests of white birches. 再往上去是一片片白桦林。
Nearby are houses built by the peasants themselves. 附近是农民自己盖的房子。
Worst of all is the humiliations he suffered. 最不堪的是他经受的许多屈辱。
Below is a restaurant. 楼下是一家餐厅。
Southwest of the reservoir were 2,000 mu of sandy wasteland. 水库西南有两千亩沙荒地。
24.2.6 其他倒装句
1) 还有一些其他类型的倒装句，如表示祝愿的句子：
Long live world peace! 世界和平万岁！
May you have a long and happy life. 祝你幸福长寿。
2) 又如在间接引语后的插入语中，主语有时可放在谓语后面：
"I do hope," said Nancy, "they haven't all forgotten about it." 南希说，“我真希望他们没把这事完全忘掉？”
"You've eaten so much!" cried Frank. 弗兰克叫道，“你吃了这么多？”
"You're late," whispered Jack. “你迟到了？”杰克低声说。
"I'm aware of it, "replied the Englishman.“这我知道？”那英国人答道。
3) 有时为了修辞上的考虑，表语也可以提前：
Very grateful we are for your help. 我们非常感谢你的帮助。
A very reliable person he is, to be sure. 他是个非常可靠的人，没问题。
So sudden was the attack (that) we had no time to escape. 袭击那样突然，我们没有时间逃走。
Such was his strength that he could bend iron bars. 他力气那么大，连铁棍都能拧弯。
24.3 宾语的位置
24.3.1 宾语通常的位置
1) 宾语通常跟在谓语后面：
They are touring Europe. 他们在游览欧洲。
He wrote his first novel at 17. 他十七岁写出了自己的第一本小说。
2) 但在下面情况（如宾语由疑问词表示或修饰等）宾语要放在主语前面：
Who are you talking to? 你在和谁讲话？
How many pages have you read? 你看了多少页？
Here is the man whom you want to see. 这就是你想见的人。
What she said impressed me deeply. 她说的话给我留下了深刻印象。
Whatever she did was right. 她做的一切都是对的。
3) 在有两个宾语时，一般间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后：
He handed me those two parcels. 他把那两个包裹递给了我。
Show us your papers. 把证件拿给我们看看。
I'll find you something to do. 我给你找点事做。
She sent me a birthday card. 她寄给我一张生日贺卡。
24.3.2 一些宾语提前的情况
1) 当一个宾语需要强调时，有时可以提前：
This I hope you'll keep in mind. 这一点我希望你记在心里。
We can't afford it. That I know. 我们买不起，这一点我是知道的。
These two letters I'dlike to send by ordinary mail, and this one by registered mail. 这两封寄平信，这一封寄挂号。
All this we must take fully into account. 这一切我们必须充分考虑。
2) 有些宾语从句，如果需要强调，也可以提到主语前面：
What I'm going to do next, I don't quite know. 下一步该怎么办我还不太清楚。
What he has once heard, he never forgets. 凡是他听过一次的话，他再也不会忘记。
Whether it is a defect or not I don't quite know. 它是否是缺点我不十分清楚。
That she is a good girl I know. 她是个好姑娘我是知道的。
Whatever he does he does well. 他做什么事都很好。
24.3.3 一些其他情况
1) 当宾语（加上它的修饰语）较长时，我们常把状语放在它前面以保持句子的平衡：
Here I wish to extend to you our warmest welcome. 这里我愿向你表示我们最热忱的欢迎。
These programmes do much to bring home to people the serious risks of smoking. 这些节目在让人们认识吸烟的危害方面起到很大作用。
She has translated into English a novel by Lao She. 她把老舍的一本小说译成了英文。
He declared to Jenny that the trees were in a dreadful condition. 他向珍妮表明那些树状态很糟糕。
She announced at the meeting that she was going to resign. 她在会上宣布她准备辞职。
2) 有时宾语的补语可以移到宾语前面：
They found sitting on the bed a man dressed like a worker. 他们发现一个工人装束的男子坐在床上。
They found half hidden among the rocks a plant which they had never seen before. 他们发现一株从未见过的植物半隐半现在岩石中间。
Many people consider impossible what really is possible. 许多人把实际上可以做到的事认为不可能。
She must have seen spring up before her a new hope. 她一定是看见面前出现了新希望。
3) 由“及物动词+副？”构成的成语动词，后面的宾语可以有两个位置：
宾语一般在成语动词后面 宾语较短也可放在副词前面
* * *
* * *
Put on your coat. Put it (your coat) on.
Hand in your (exercise) books. Hand them in, please.
Write down your names here. Write everything (it) down here.
Shall I turn on the lights? Shall I turn the lights (them) on?
24.4 定语的位置
24.4.1 定语通常的位置
1) 单词定语一般放在所修饰的词前面（这和汉语一样）：
financial problems 财政问题 peaceful construction 和平建设
life insurance 人寿保险 trade deficit 贸易逆差
developing countries 发展中国家 living conditions 生活条件
由副词表示的定语通常放在所修饰词后面：
The situation here is highly explosive. 这里的局势具有高度的爆发性。
The people there are very friendly. 那里的人很友好。
I met your sister on my way home. 我在回家路上遇见了你妹妹。
Is there anything on tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗？
This was her first day up. 这是她起床的第一天。
还有一些单词定语在后面的情况可参阅第14.3.1节。
2) 下面各类定语都放在所修饰词的后面：
a. 定语从句：
The noise he made woke everybody up. 他弄出的响声把大家都吵醒了。
Everyone who (that) knew him liked him. 认识他的人都喜欢他。
She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself. 她给了我这件毛衣，这是她亲手织的。
b. 介词短语：
He was a Doctor of Philosophy in economics of Yale. 他是耶鲁大学的经济学博士。
She looked to be a young woman of twenty. 她看起来像一个二十岁的青年女子。
He was hired to illustrate a book on the birds of the world. 他受雇为一本描写世界鸟类的书画插图。
c. 分词短语和不定式短语：
People waiting for the bus often shelter in my doorway. 等公共汽车的人常常在我家门道里躲雨。
Is this the table reserved for us? 这是给我们留的桌子吗？
They need a garden to play in. 他们需要一座花园好在里面玩耍。
d. 其他作定语的短语：
They saw a building about sixty stories high. 他们看见一座六十层左右的高楼。
Soldiers normally timid don't fight well. 平时就胆小的士兵打起仗来也不行。
She has done a play, at once educational and witty. 她写了一个剧本，既有教育意义，又诙谐幽默。
24.4.2 定语和所修饰词分开的情况
1) 定语有时和它修饰的词分开：
What do you have to say in this regard? 关于这一点你有什么要说？ （to say修饰what）
All we have left is some cold meat. 我们只剩了一些冷肉。
I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在报上看到一些东西，你可能会感兴趣。
Can you see who those people are standing at the gate? 你能看清楚站在大门口的那些人都是谁吗？
2) 一个名词有时有两个定语，其中一个就不得不和它修饰的词分开：
This is the book I bought about space flight. 这是我买的一本关于太空飞行的书。
Is there anyone among you interested in going to the caves? 你们中谁有兴趣去参观那些洞穴？
Have you got any novels by Tolstoy in English translation? 你有没有托尔斯泰小说的英译本？
24.4.3 定语的顺序
1) 一个名词有几个定语时，大体上按下面顺序排列：
2) 有个别定语可放在冠词a（n）或the前面：
such a nice person so short a time
rather a hard time too small an income
many a student quite a lot (number)
half an hour quite a gentleman
half the distance twice the amount
double the amount quite the fashion
3) 一个名词有几个形容词修饰时，表示基本品质的词，离所修饰的词最近，其他可大致按品质、大小、形状等特点安排：
语言是灵活的，这样的归纳只能作参考，实际情况需要自己观察，关于形容词位置可参阅第14.3.1节。
24.5 状语的位置
24.5.1 状语通常的位置
1) 状语通常放在谓语后面：
They work energetically. 他们干劲十足地工作。
The train was going fast. 火车在飞驰。
She went straight home. 她直接回家了。
Turn right here. 就在这里拐弯。
2) 若有宾语则放在宾语后面：
She welcomed us warmly. 她热情地欢迎我们。
You can dial Rome directly. 你可以直接拨电话到罗马。
He denied the accusation hotly. 他愤怒地否认这一指责。
He led us astray. 他把我们引上了歧路。
3) 在被动结构中状语可放在过去分词前面：
Her little daughter is always prettily dressed. 她的小女儿总是打扮得漂漂亮亮的。
He was rightly punished. 他受到应得的惩罚。
I was correctly informed. 我获得了正确的信息。
The boy was seriously injured. 男孩受了重伤。
4) 如果有几个时间或地点状语，一般小单位在前，大单位在后：
He was born at 9:30 on Thursday May 5th 1998. 他于1998年5月4日星期四九点半出生。
She lives at 109 Cork Street, Monrovia, California. 她住在加州蒙诺维亚柯克街109号。
24.5.2 状语放在句首的情况
1) 为了强调，状语常可以放在句首：
In union there is strength. 团结就是力量。
After midnight, the party broke up. 午夜之后晚会散了。
On his return from Europe, he set to work in earnest. 欧洲回来之后他认真干了起来。
Gently she put the baby on the bed. 她轻轻地把宝宝放在床上。
2) 疑问副词及含有疑问词的状语都放在句首：
Why haven't you been to see me all this time? 为什么这么长时间你没来看我？
How did you enjoy your Spring Festival? 你春节过得怎样？
In which year were you born? 你哪年生的？
For what purpose did you invite me to come here? 你请我来这里是什么目的？
3) 句子状语常放在句首：
Quite honestly, she isn't the sort of person we're looking for. 说实话，她不是我们在找的那种人。
Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all. 说也奇怪，他考试竟然真的通过了。
Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed. 从你的话里看，他应当能成功。
In conclusion, I'dlike to say how much I've enjoyed staying here. 最后我想说我在这里过得非常愉快。
4) 与上文有密切联系的状语常放在句首：
He promised to come and sure enough he did. 他答应来，果然来了。
It doesn't seem ugly to me;on the contrary, I think it's rather beautiful. 我看它似乎并不丑，相反我认为它还相当美。
The traffic was very heavy and as a result I arrived late. 路上车很多，结果我晚到了。
24.5.3 插在主语和谓语之间的状语
1) 有些副词可放在主语或谓语之间（a），或主要动词或表语前面（b）：
a. She quickly finished the letter. 她迅速把信写完。
He carefully began to analyze the problem. 他开始仔细分析这个问题。
Lester immediately approved of this. 莱斯特立即同意了这个意见。
Our parents recently celebrated their golden wedding anniversary. 我们的父母最近庆祝了他们的金婚纪念日。
b. I've only recently begun to learn French. 我最近刚开始学法语。
We'll just stay in tonight. 我们今晚就留在家里。
The train was already moving. 火车已经开动了。
She was still weak after the long illness. 久病之后她身子仍然虚弱。
关于副词的位置可参阅第15.4.1—15.4.3节。
2) 由短语或词组表示的状语也可放在主语和谓语之间：
This, in brief, is the official view of the trade unions. 总之，这是工会的正式看法。
Romeo, believing that Juliet was dead, decided to kill himself. 罗密欧以为朱丽叶死了，决定自杀。
Tom, horrified at what he had done, could not say anything. 汤姆对自己的行为感到震惊，什么话也说不出来。
Your suggestion, to be frank, will only get us into trouble. 你的建议，说实在的，只会给我们找麻烦。
24.5.4 状语从句的位置
1) 和其他状语一样，多数状语从句都放在句子后部（谓语或宾语后面）：
Lanny was worried because he hadn't had any letter from Diana. 莱尼很发愁因为他没接到戴安娜的任何来信。
Look before you leap. （谚）三思而后行。
I always keep candles in the house in case there is a power cut. 我在家里总存些蜡烛以防停电。
We'll go on with the work, whether we can find the necessary tools. 不管能不能找到必要的工具，我们都将继续这项工作。
2) 状语从句有时也放在主句前（这时常有一个逗号把它和主句分开）：
However cold it is, she always goes swimming. 不管天多冷她都去游泳。
As she sang, tears ran down her cheeks. 她唱着唱着，眼泪顺着她的面颊流了下来。
Though times were changed, Bursley was still Bursley. 尽管时代变了，伯斯利还是伯斯利。
Whether we go or whether we stay, the result is the same. 不管我们是去还是留，结果都一样。
3) 在少数情况下，状语从句也可插在主语和谓语之间，特别是它比较短时（例如有词省略时）：
Such things, whether you like it or not, do happen from time to time. 这种事情，不管你喜欢与否，总是时有发生的。
This view, though understandable, is wrong. 这种看法，尽管可以理解，却是错误的。
This thing, if continued, is going to do him irreparable damage. 这件事如果继续下去，将给他造成无法挽回的损害。
25.1 概 说
25.1.1 省略与省略句
1) 为了省事，人们常把某些词省掉，特别是在口语中：
(I) Thank you. 谢谢你。
(I'm) Glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
How nice (it is)! 多好呀！
Really? 真的吗？
(You're) Right. （你是）对的。
这种现象称为省略（Ellipsis），这种句子称为省略句（Elliptical Sentences）。
2) 被省略的部分可能是：
a. 主语：
(I) Hope to see you again. 希望再见到你。
(I) Haven't seen you for ages. 好久不见。
(It) Doesn't matter. 没关系。
(It) Serves him right! 他活该！
(I) Just dropped in to ask you a question. 我只是来问你一个问题。
b. 主语和助动词：
(I've) Got to go now. （我）得走了。
(Do you) Want some? （你）要一点吗？
(Have you) Had your breakfast? 吃早饭了吗？
(Are you) Going to town? 进城去吗？
(Do you) See what I mean? 懂我的意思吗？
(Are you) Looking for me? 你找我？
c. 谓语或谓语的部分：
(Is there) Anything you want to tell me? 有什么事要告诉我吗？
(Is there) Anything wrong? 有什么地方有问题吗？
(Does) Anybody want to go? 有谁要去吗？
(Are) The students still waiting? 同学们还在等吗？
d. 宾语：
Is she back yet? ——I don't know. 她回来了吗？ ——我不知道。
Which is better? ——It's hard to tell. 哪一个比较好？ ——很难说。
"He's a kind man." "I know." “他是个好人？”“我知道？”
"Where should we go?" "I don't care. Anywhere you want." “我们去哪里？”“我无所谓，你想去哪就去哪儿？”
3) 有时句子大部分都省略，只剩下：
a. 表语：
(I'm) Sorry! 对不起！
Tired? 你累了？
What a pity (it is) you can't come with us! 真遗憾你不能和我们一道去！
Nice you're back. 你回来了很好。
b. 宾语：
(I beg your) Pardon. 请再说一遍。
How many do you want? ——Just one. 你要多少？ ——就一个。
Sorry, (you've dialed the) wrong number. 对不起，你拨错号了。
c. 状语：
(Come) This way, please. 请往这边走。
Did you like the film? ——Oh, very much. 这电影你喜欢吗？ ——啊，很喜欢。
When are you going? ——Tomorrow. 你什么时候走？ ——明天。
d. 其他：
Are you going to paint it green or red? ——Red, I think. 你打算把它漆成绿色还是红色？ ——我想漆成红色。
Is she older than you or younger than you? ——Much younger. 她比你大还是小？ ——比我小多了。
(Of) Course that's only a beginning. 当然这只是一个开始。
25.1.2 省略句的意思
1) 省略句有时本身意思很清楚：
I'd help you if I could. 如果我能帮你我会帮的。
Sounds a good idea. 听起来是个好主意。
Got any writing paper? 有信纸吗？
So delighted to see you. 看到你真高兴。
Ready? 准备好了吗？
Good! 挺好！
Waiting for the bus? 在等车吗？
Leaving so soon? 这么快就走？
2) 有时意思需从上下文中推断：
"I don't want to go." "Why?" “我不想去？”“为什么？”
"She opposes the idea." "Does she?" “她反对这想法？”“是吗？”
"How much did you pay for it?" "Twenty dollars." “你付了多少钱？”“20美元？”
"Where are you from?" "Tianjin." “你是哪儿人？”“天津人？”
"When is he arriving?" "Tonight." “他什么时候到？”“今晚？”
I won't accept their terms, never! 我不会接受他们的条件，绝不会！
"Will they agree to the proposal?" "Not likely." “他们会同意这个建议吗？”“不太可能？”
3) 某些描绘性文字（如小说、日记、摘要等）中，有时也有词省略，但由于有上下文，意思则很清楚：
Then we came to the grasslands. Marshes everywhere. No birds! No trees! No house! Not a soul to be seen! 然后我们来到草地，到处都是沼泽，没有飞鸟！没有树木！没有房舍！荒无人烟！
Another busy day! Went to work by bike. Witnessed a car accident. Got to my office ten minute late. 又一个忙碌的日子！骑车上班。看见一场车祸。到办公室时晚了十分钟。
Born in 1830. Went to a grammar school. Entered Eton. Won several awards during his college days. Became a lawyer in 1860... 1830年出生。上语法学校。升入伊顿（学院）。大学期间获了几次奖。1860年当上了律师⋯
