VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.33
25.1.3 单部句
有些句子,只包含主语和谓语的一部分,很难说什么词省略,意思却很清楚,如:
My goodness! 我的老天!
Thanks a lot. 非常感谢!
Away with you! 走开!
Out with it! 说出来吧!
No entry. 不得进入!
No parking. 禁止泊车!
Down with tyranny! 打倒暴政!
You naughty boy! 你这个调皮孩子!
Nonsense! 胡说!
这类句子称为单部句(One-member Sentences)。
25.2 简单句中的省略
25.2.1 陈述句中的省略
1) 在日常生活中我们会用到很多省略句:
Happy New Year. ——The same to you. 新年快乐。 ——也祝你新年快乐。
Many happy returns (of the day). (生日祝贺语)祝你长寿。
Have a pleasant journey. 祝旅途愉快。
Goodbye and good luck to you! 再见,祝你好运!
What awful luck! 真倒霉!
Must have gone down town. 准是进城了。
How nice to see you! 看到你真高兴!
What a nice day! 多好的天气!
Just wonderful! 好极了!
Hope to see you well soon. 祝你早日康复。
So pleased to have made your acquaintance. 认识了你真高兴。
2) 在回答别人问题时,常可省略某些成分:
Will you join us? ——Well, I'd love to. 你愿意参加我们的活动吗?——愿意。
Have you had your supper? ——Not yet. 吃晚饭了吗? ——还没有。
Shall I call a doctor? ——Do, please. 我要不要去请医生? ——去请吧。
Are you ready? ——Not quite. 准备好了吗? ——没完全好。
"How are things going?" "Pretty well." “情况如何?”“很不错?”
How is the weather? ——Going to clear up. 天气怎么样? ——快放晴了。
Are your hungry? ——Not very. 你饿吗? ——不太饿。
What's your family name? ——Johnson. 你姓什么? ——约翰逊。
How do you feel? ——Just a bit tired. 你感觉怎样? ——稍有点累。
Where are you going? ——To the library. 你去哪儿? ——图书馆。
3) 在对别人的话作出反映时也可以用省略句:
It looks like rain. ——Yes, somewhat. 看来要下雨了。 ——是的,有点像。
I guess it's an ancient temple. ——Very likely. 我猜那是一座古庙。——很可能。
I'dlike to ask one or two questions if I may. ——Certainly. 如果可能我想问一两个问题。 ——当然可以。
I hope I'm not disturbing you too much. ——Certainly not. 希望我没过分打扰你。 ——当然没有。
I hope you won't mind me joking. ——Not in the least. 希望你不介意我的笑话。 ——一点都不介意。
This is a good solution. ——Sure. 这是个很好的解决办法。 ——是的。
也可提出问句:
George isn't coming. ——Why? 乔治不来了。 ——为什么?
The conference is to be held next week. ——Where? 会议下周开。——在哪里开?
She bought a new car. ——When? 她买了一辆新车。 ——什么时候买的?
They're going to emigrate to New Zealand. ——Are they? 他们准备移民到新西兰。 ——是吗?
25.2.2 疑问句、祈使句和感叹句中的省略
1) 疑问句有时可以有词省略:
Had your breakfast? 吃过早饭了吗?
Anything I can do for you? 我能帮你做什么吗?
Anybody against it? 有人反对吗?
Going to the supermarket? 到超市去吗?
A nice man, isn't he? 他是个好人,是吧?
Going to be a nice day, isn't it? 今天天气会很好,是吧?
Why bring that up? 为什么要提起此事?
What next? 下一步怎么办?
2) 祈使句中也可以有词省略:
Gently, please. 请轻一点。
A little more slowly. 再慢一点。
Quick! 快!
Just a minute. 稍等一会儿。
A strawberry milk-shake, please. 请给我一份草莓奶昔。
Attention! 立正!
Editor-in-chief's office, please. 请接总编辑室。
Quiet, please! 请安静点!
3) 感叹句也有省略现象:
What a beautiful picture! 多美的画!
How nice of you to come! 你来了真好!
Very good! 很好!
Excellent! 好极了!
Just wonderful! 太妙了!
Rubbish! 胡说八道!
Such an intelligent girl! 这样聪明的姑娘!
Just lovely! 太美了!
另外,在报纸标题或文章标题中也常常出现省略句:
Senator to Seek Reelection 参议员争取再次当选
A baby born on a plane 飞机上诞生婴儿
What to do in an emergency 紧急情况下怎么办
How to prepare a computer programme 如何进行程序设计
25.3 复合句中的省略
25.3.1 对话中的省略句
1) 在对话中有些句子可能有词省略,特别是包含宾语从句的句子:
Will it rain tomorrow? ——I hope not. 明天会下雨吗? ——我希望别下。
Can I use your car tonight? ——Sorry, you can't. I'm using it myself. 今晚我能用你的车吗? ——对不起,不行。我自己要用。
His father came here yesterday. ——Yes, I know. 他爸昨天回来了。——我知道。
"That will cost more money." "I see." “那样会花更多的钱?”“我明白了?”
When will Mum be back? ——Who knows. 妈什么时候回来? ——谁知道。
2) 有时可用so代表前面说的话,这不是省略句,但作用接近省略句:
Are we late? ——I'm afraid so. 我们迟到了吗? ——我想是的。
Will it be fine tomorrow? ——I hope so. 明天会是晴天吗? ——我希望会。
Is she coming? ——I think (don't think) so. 她会来吗? ——我想会(不会)来。
Shakespeare was born in 1564, wasn't he? ——I believe so. 莎士比亚是1564年生的,对吗?——我认为是的。
I suppose you'll be going to the meeting? ——Yes, I suppose so. 我想你会参加这次会议的吧?——是的,我想我会。
这种现象称为替代(Substitution)。
3) 还有一些其他类型的省略复合句:
Is everything going all right? ——Not so well as I expected. 一切都进展顺利吗?——不像我预期的那样好。
Do they make glass fiber? ——Not any that I know of. 他们生产玻璃纤维吗?——据我知道不生产。
Did you know anything about it? ——Not until you told me. 这件事你知道吗?——你告诉我后才知道。
Shall we have our picnic tomorrow? ——Unless it rains. 我们明天去野餐吗?——要是天不下雨的话。
Shall we stop over in Shenzhen? ——Yes, if time permits. 我们要不要在深圳停留?——如果时间允许就停留。
25.3.2 状语从句中的省略
状语从句中省略一些词是非常普通的现象。通常省略主语和系动词(如果主语与主句主语相同则可能省略),大部分从句中都可以有省略结构,如:
1) 时间状语从句:
Often she would weep when (she was) alone. 她一个人时常常哭泣。
He had an accident while on his way here. 他在来这里的路上出了车祸。
Even as a girl she showed great promise as a pianist. 她从小就显露出有望成为钢琴家。
Whenever possible, the children should play outside in the fresh air. 任何时间只要可能就该让孩子们到户外玩耍,那里空气新鲜。
A friend is never known till needed. 患难之中见真交。
Once in the examination hall, you would forget all such trivialities. 一进考场,这样的细节你都会忘记。
2) 条件状语从句:
If necessary, ring me at home. 如有必要可往我家里打电话。
If in doubt, ask at your local library. 若有疑问,可向当地图书馆查询。
He would never do this unless compelled. 他绝不会这样做,除非是被迫。
3) 让步状语从句:
Though not large, the room was well lit. 房间虽不大却很亮堂。
Although still young, he's going very grey. 他虽然年纪还轻,头发却已灰白。
Things were beginning to improve, even if not quickly enough. 情况开始改善,尽管速度不够快。
4) 方式状语从句:
As expected, the afforestation movement rapidly spread. 如预料的那样,造林运动迅速展开了。
He glanced about as if in search of something. 他四下张望,仿佛在找什么东西似的。
She waited as though for a reply. 她等了等,似乎在等候回答。
5) 地点状语从句:
Fill in blanks with articles where necessary. 在必要的地方用冠词填空。
They tried to acquire colonies where possible. 在可能的地方他们就设法夺取殖民地。
Avoid structures of this kind wherever possible. 任何地方只要可能就要避免这种结构。
They believed in the application of force wherever and whenever necessary.在任何地方任何时间,只要必要他们就主张使用武力。
6) 比较状语从句(省略的方式与其他状语从句不同):
The profits are greater than the losses (are). 利润大于损失。
He has more time than me (I do). 他的时间比我多。
He loved her more than ever. 他比过去更爱她了。
It's even hotter today than yesterday. 今天比昨天更热了。
He was almost as tall as his father. 他几乎有他父亲那样高了。
She was as interested in art as ever. 她对艺术的兴趣一如既往。
I shall come along as often as possible. 我将尽量多来。
7) 有些让步状语从句有特殊的省略方式:
In our company, everybody is well taken care of, no matter what his position (is). 在我们公司,人人都得到很好的照顾,不管他地位如何。
Anyone, no matter who (he is), may point out our shortcomings. 我们的缺点,不管是什么人,谁向我们指出都行。
The country is always beautiful whatever the season (is). 这一带的田野,不管什么季节,都那样美丽。
We're going to the seaside whatever the weather. 不管天气如何,我们都要去海滨。
I refuse, however favourable the condition. 不管条件多好我都不接受。
25.3.3 一些其他的省略复合句
1) 有些复合句的主句中有词省略:
(Is there) Anything you want to add? 还有什么你要补充吗?
(Is there) Anyone wishing to join the book club? 有谁想参加读书俱乐部?
(It's) Too bad you can't stay any longer. 你不能再多待真遗憾。
(It's) So nice you're all for the idea. 太好了,你们都赞成这个想法。
(It's) Strange no one knows anything about it. 真奇怪,没人知道这件事。
(I'm) Sorry, the line is busy. 对不起,占线了。
(I) Hope you'll enjoy your stay here. 希望你在这儿过得愉快。
(I) Don't know when she'll be back. 不知道她什么时候回来。
I would (do it) if I could. 如果我能做到我会做的。
2) 一些复合句的从句中可以有词省略:
Will he check in his luggage? ——I believe not. 他的行李会托运吗?——我想不会。
Will she speak at the meeting? ——I don't think she will. 她会在会上发言吗? ——我想不会。
Will they accept these terms? ——I guess not. 他们会接受这些条件吗?——我猜不会。
At last they did as we told them to. 最后他们照我们的话做了。
We'll do all we can to fulfil our task. 我们将尽一切可能完成任务。
We won't postpone the trip unless we have to. 除非不得已我们不会推迟这次旅行。
We'll raise more fund for the project if we can. 如果可能我们将为这项计划多筹集一点经费。
Don't tell me if you don't want to. 如果你不想告诉我就别说。
I'll pay for the hotel, if you will for the food. 如果你付伙食费,我会付旅馆住宿费。
His opinion, whether right or wrong, should be considered. 他的意见,不管对还是错,都应当考虑。
25.4 并列句中的省略
25.4.1 并列句中的省略
1) 并列句中,如果后面分句有词和前面分句的词相同,有时可以省略,以避免重复:
Some of them were injured, but most of them weren't. 他们中有些人受伤了,但大部分人没受伤。
She could have applied for that job, but she didn't. 她本可申请那份工作,但她没有。
One soldier was killed and two others wounded. 有一个士兵被打死,另外两个受了伤。
I work in a factory and my sister on a farm. 我在工厂工作,我妹妹在农场工作。
Tom majors in history and I in computer science. 汤姆学历史,我则学电脑。
My office is on the ground floor and hers on the 5th. 我的办公室在一楼,她的在五楼。
The scenery was beautiful, and the acting superb. 布景很漂亮,表演很出色。
She can't speak French and I can't either. 她不会讲法语,我也不会。
I didn't see it and nor did Marry. 我没看见,玛丽也没看见。
2) 有时并列连词可引导一个短语,也可说有词省略:
You must stop, and (stop) at once, this sort of behavior. 你必须停止这种行为,而且是马上停止。
They tried to save her, but in vain. 他们试图救活她,但没成功。
I won't stop, not until I've achieved my ambition. 我不会停止,直到我实现自己的理想。
She wouldn't go home, not even when I had asked twice. 她不肯回家,甚至我劝了她两次仍不肯回去。
26.1 简单句句型的转换
26.1.1 句型的转换
1) 同一个意思常有许多表达方法。例如“他英文很?”就可以有许多表达方法,如:
He knows English very well.
He has a good knowledge of English.
He has a good command of English.
His English is perfect (superb, wonderful).
这是一种词汇手段。还有一个办法,就是利用不同句型表达同一思想,这是一种语法手段,如“你这样做是对?”这句话可以用不同句型来表示:
You were right to do that.
You were right in doing that.
It was right for you to do that.
It was right of you to do that.
学习用词汇手段来使表达方法多样化是一个漫长的过程,随着语言修养的提高,表达的方法也会逐渐丰富,而用语法手段来提高表达能力相对要容易一些。这种把一种结构改为另一种结构来表达同一思想的做法,可称为句型的转换(Transformation of Sentence Patterns)。适当探讨这个问题,可以丰富我们的表达能力,使我们使用语言更精确。
2) 一个句子有很多成分都可转换为另一种形式,例如:
a. 主语:
b. 谓语:
c. 宾语:
d. 状语:
e. 定语:
有时整个句子结构都可以改变:
26.1.2 主语的转换
1) 主语结构转换时有时对别的部分没有影响:
2) 有时其他部分也需作相应的改动:
26.1.3 谓语的转换
1) 谓语有时可改为带表语的结构:
2) 谓语有时可改成“动词+名?”这类结构:
3) 有时可把表语作某种改动:
4) 有些被动结构可换为“be + 介词短?”结构:
5) 有些被动结构可以换为“be +形容?”结构:
26.1.4 宾语的转换
1) 宾语有时也可以转换:
2) 在不少情况下不定式可转换为动名词或分词:
3) 有时只有宾语的一部分可以改变:
26.1.5 状语的转换
1) 副词有时可转换为介词短语:
2) 不定式有时也可转换为介词短语:
3) 分词短语也可转换为介词短语:
26.1.6 定语的转换
1) 形容词可以转换为介词短语:
2) 有些不定式也可转换为形容词:
26.2 复合句和并列句句型的转换
26.2.1 复合句句型的转换
1) 在改变复合句的句型时,我们可以只改变从句的一部分,如改变其主语(a)、谓语(b)、宾语(c)、状语(d)或定语(e):
2) 也可以只改变主句的一部分:
3) 有时整个句子结构都可以改变:
26.2.2 并列句句型的转换
并列句的结构也可以转换,通常是改动一个分句的结构:
26.3 简单句和复合句的互换
26.3.1 短语和从句的互换
简单句和复合句的互换,实际上是短语和从句的互换。句子成分若是用单词或短语表示,这个句子就是简单句。如有一个或更多成分由从句表示,则这个句子就是复合句。许多句子通过把从句变为短语,即可以由复合句变为简单句。这样转换的成分可以是:
a. 主语:
b. 表语:
c. 宾语:
d. 定语:
e. 状语:
26.3.2 主语从句和短语的互换
1) 主语从句有时可换为不定式(短语):
2) 主语从句有时也可转换为动名词短语:
26.3.3 表语从句转换为短语
1) 表语从句有时可转换为不定式短语:
2) 表语从句也可转换为动名词短语:
3) 表语从句有时也可转换为名词引导的短语:
26.3.4 宾语从句转换为短语
1) 宾语从句常常可以转换为动名词短语:
2) 宾语从句还可转换为带不定式的复合宾语:
3) 宾语从句有时可转换为名词短语:
26.3.5 定语从句转换为短语
1) 定语从句常可以转换为不定式短语:
2) 定语从句还常常可以转换为分词短语:
3) 定语从句有时还可转换为介词短语(a)或名词等(b):
26.3.6 状语从句转换为短语
1) 状语从句常可以转换为分词短语:
2) 状语从句有时也可转换为不定式短语:
3) 状语从句有时还可以转换为介词短语:
27.1 概 说
27.1.1 英语中的标点符号
英语中的标点符号有下面这些:
27.1.2 标点符号的作用
标点符号的作用是使句子的意思更加清楚。句号代表较长的停顿,说明句子结束。逗号表示较短的停顿,表示句子尚未结束,但可稍作停顿。各种符号都有一定的意义。英语的标点符号与汉语的标点符号大致相近。只要细心观察,不难掌握标点符号的用法。
27.2 用在句末的标点符号
27.2.1 句号、问号和感叹号
1) 这三种符号都用在句末——陈述句及祈使句结束时加句号:
We have made great advances in the last twenty years. 近二十年我们取得了巨大的进展。
Be careful of what you are doing. 做事要小心。
祈使句如要加强语气,可以加感叹号;陈述句如带有较强的感情色彩也可加感叹号:
Look out! You nearly got hit by that bicycle! 小心!你差点被那辆自行车撞了!
2) 疑问句都需加问号:
What's all this about? 这都是怎么回事?
What's that? He refuses to come? 怎么?他不肯来?
You're still waiting here? 你还在这里等?
Any more? 还要一点吗?
3) 感叹句后需加感叹号:
What a lovely baby! 多可爱的小宝宝!
How do you dare say that! 你怎么敢这样讲话!
Thank you so much! 十分感谢!
It's so good of you! 你真好!
27.2.2 引语中的标点符号
1) 在直接引语中,可以用感叹号和问号:
He said, "What a dreadful idea!" 他说,“多可怕的想法?”
"Good!" he exclaimed. “好的?”他叫道。
"Evacuate the area!" ordered the Commander. “撤出这个地区?”司令员命令说。
"I don't know the way. Do you?" he asked. “我不知道路,你知道吗?”他问道。
"I'm going shopping. Can I get you something?" she said. “我去买东西,我能给你买点什么吗?”她说道。
2) 如引用词在前,也可用句号:
He said, "If she leaves the house, follow her." 他说,“如果她离开这房子,就跟着她?”
如引用词在后,则不能用句号,而需用逗号:
"I advise cancelling the meeting," he said.“我建议取消这次会议?”他说。
"Let's sell the house," said Tom. “咱们把房子卖掉吧?”汤姆说。
"Please don't drink too much! Remember that you'll have to drive home," she said. “别喝太多酒!记住你还得开车回家?”她说。
27.3 用在句子当中的标点符号
27.3.1 逗号的主要用法
逗号表示一个短促的停顿,它可以用来把下面的这些成分和句子的其他部分隔开:
1) 同位语:
This is Li Ying, monitor of Class 4. 这是四班的班长李瑛。
People, old and young, all came out to greet the guests. 老老少少大家都出来欢迎客人。
但限制性同位语前不用加逗号。
We Chinese students find the use of prepositions especially difficult. 我们中国学生感到介词特别难用。
2) 插入语:
That's a better solution, don't you think? 这是个比较好的解决办法,你觉得呢?
This, I think, was mainly due to our lack of experience. 这个,我想,主要是由于我们缺乏经验的缘故。
"Tell me," he said, "what did you think of the discussion?" “告诉我?”他说,“你觉得这次讨论怎么样?”
在感叹词后可以用逗号,如感叹情绪很强,就以用感叹号较好:
Well, I must be leaving. 嗯,我得走了。
Ouch! That hurt. 唉哟!真疼。
3) 以分词短语或复合结构表示的状语:
Bored with his work, he thought of going home early. 他干烦了,想早点回家。
She walked slowly, stopping frequently to rest. 她慢慢走着,不时停下休息。
The day being fine, we decided to go swimming. 天气很好,我们决定去游泳。
以分词短语表示的状语,在紧跟它所修饰的动词时,有时可以不用逗号:
For the whole night she lay tossing in bed. 她在床上翻来覆去一夜没睡着。
4) 放在句首或插在句子中间的状语从句(或其省略形式):
When the bell rings, stop writing. 铃响时就不要再写了。
His response, when I questioned him, was a shake of his head. 我问他时,他的反应是摇摇头。
This medicine, taken in time, can be very effective. 这种药如果及时服用是很有效的。
放在句首的状语,如果不长,也可不加逗号:
If you like you may stay. 如果你愿意可以留下。
5) 放在句首或插在句子中间的某些其他形式的状语:
To make a long story short, they smoothed away their misunderstanding and became good friends again. 总之,他们消除了误会,重归于好。
The date, however, hasn't been fixed. 但日期还没有确定。
Your argument, in my opinion, is valid. 在我看来,你的论点是站得住的。
6) 非限制性定语从句:
That summer, she went to Wuhan, where her husband worked. 那年夏天她去了武汉,她丈夫在那里工作。
The weather may not be good enough tomorrow, in which case we'll have to put the trip off . 明天天气可能不够好,如果那样我们就得延期再去。
27.3.2 逗号的其他用法
1) 逗号还可以用来连接一个句子中的平行成分,如:
a. 主语、表语或宾语: