VII Go to Bristol 第七章 去布里斯托尔途中.34
Lao Wu, Xiao Lin and myself were all very enthusiastic about this idea. 老吴、小林和我自己都很支持这个意见。
The main products of the district are wool, cotton, timber and tung-oil.这个地区的主要产品是羊毛、棉花、木材和桐油。
She sent me some postcards, a few books, a pocket English dictionary and an album of pictures. 她寄给我一些明信片、几本书、一本袖珍英文词典和一本画册。
b. 定语：
We had a long, hard, but interesting journey. 我们做了一次劳累但很有意思的长途旅行。
He was a very lovable man, kind-hearted, easy to get along with and always ready to help others. 他是一个很可爱的人，心地善良，容易相处，总是乐于帮助别人。
有时不需要用逗号：
You naughty little thing! 你这个调皮的小家伙！
c. 谓语或其他以动词表示的成分：
He got up, washed, dressed and hurried to school. 他起床、洗脸、穿衣，然后匆忙赶往学校。□
He was fond of skating, boating and playing football. 他喜欢溜冰、划船和踢足球。
d. 状语：
A group of young men were standing there, talking, laughing and teasing each other. 一群年轻人站在那里，又说又笑，互相取乐。
Please read slowly, loudly and clearly. 请慢慢地大声清楚地朗读。
e. 分句：
Everybody was surprised, and Shuzhen, after looking at her for a moment, went up and clasped her hand. 大家都很惊奇，淑贞看了一会儿之后走上前握住她的手。
Ann can't come, she is taking her exam now. 安不能来，她在考试。
平行的成分若只有两个，在多数情况下，它们之间都用and而不用逗号。如果有两个以上，则最后两个之间用and，不用逗号。不过近年来，and前加逗号的情况也不少，特别是在美国。
2) 除此之外，逗号还可以用来：
a. 表示某些词省略了（主要是在并列句中）：
My room is on the second floor, and hers, on the third one. 我的房间在二层，她的房间在三层。
b. 表示任何需要停顿的地方：
This mistake can be, and should be, corrected. 这一错误可以也应该改正。
Whether or not she will come, I've no idea. 她究竟来不来我不知道。
c. 标写日期和地址：
The conference is scheduled for the 3rd of July, 2000. 会议定于2000年7月3日召开。
My address is 707 Park Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94037. 我的地址是加州旧金山派克大道707号（邮区94037）。
27.3.3 分号的用法
分号表示的停顿比句号短，比逗号长，主要用来：
1) 把两个意思上有一定联系的句子连在一起：
It was getting late;she must start back for the village. 时间不早了，她得动身回村了。
2) 连接两个等立的分句，如果其中一个（或更多）里面含有逗号：
When I started, the sky was clear;but before I had gone two li, it began to rain. 我动身时天上明净无云，但走了不到两里路就开始下雨了。
27.3.4 冒号的用法
冒号也是在句子中间使用的，它主要用在：
1) 列举的东西前面：
There are in English two articles: the definite article and the indefinite article. 英语中有两个冠词，即定冠词和不定冠词。
A noun can be used as: 1) subject, 2) object, 3) predicative, 4) an attribute. 名词可以用作：1）主语，2）宾语，3）表语，4）定语。
2) 引用的句子前面，特别是当这个句子比较长时：
Shakespeare said: "Neither a borrower nor a lender be." 莎士比亚说“：既不要找人借钱，也不要借钱给人？”
3) 一个附加的解释性的分句前面：
You can't count on him to help:he is such a busy man. 你不能指望他帮忙，他是这样一位大忙人。
在后两种情况下，不用冒号用逗号也可以。
27.3.5 破折号的用法
破折号主要有下面这些用处：
1) 用在一个解释性的分句或句子前面：
It's an environmental issue. —That's not a small matter. 这是个环境保护的问题，这不是一件小事。
How lucky the girls nowadays are! —They can go anywhere, say anything.今天的女孩子多幸福！她们哪儿都能去，什么话都能说。
2) 用在一个解释性的插入语的前面和后面（相当于一个括号）：
During my vacation—I must have been insane—I decided I would ski.假期中，我准是发疯了，我决定去滑雪。
Then the proposals—both Xiao Yang's and mine—were adopted.后来两个建议——小杨的和我的——都被采纳了。
3) 用在一个引用的句子前面（代替一个冒号，或与分号一起用）：
Uncle Wang laughingly answered—— "No, no;stay where you are." 王大叔笑着回答道：“不用了，不用了，你就待在你那儿？”
4) 表示意思的突然转折：
"And may I ask—"said Xiao Wu;"but I guess it's better for you to ask him about it." “我可以问——？”小吴说；“不过我想还是你问他的好？”
5) 表示迟疑犹豫：
"I—I—I rather think—maybe—Amy has taken it." “我——我——我想——或许——是艾米拿了？”
6) 总括前面列举的若干东西：
New houses, larger schools, more sheep, more pigs and chickens, more horses and donkeys—everywhere we saw signs of prosperity. 新房子，扩建的学校，更多的羊、猪、鸡，更多的马和驴，到处我们都看到一片繁荣景象。
27.3.6 引号的用法
1) 引号主要用来表示中间包括的成分是引语：
Longfellow wrote, "Life is real! Life is earnest!" 朗费罗写道，“生活是真实的！生活是严肃的？”
2) 也可用来加在书名、剧名这类东西的两端：
Tolstoy's "War and Peace" is a great novel. 托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》是一部伟大的小说。
Have you read Lao She's "Tea House"? 你读过老舍的《茶馆》吗？
3)加在一个词的两头，来引起对它的注意：
What's the difference between "differ" and "differentiate"? differ和differentiate有什么区别？
如果引语中包括另一个引语，常加单引号：
The teacher asked, "Who said,'Give me liberty or give me death'?"老师问道，“谁说‘不自由毋宁死’？”
27.3.7 括号的用法
1) 括号主要用来表示里面的东西是一个插入的或附加的解释：
No article should be used in such cases. （cf. Chap. 1, Sec. 2） 在这种情况下不用冠词。（参阅第1章第2节）
Quotation marks may be single （‘’） or double （？”）. 引号可以是单引号（‘’），也可以是双引号（？”）。
2) 方括号可用来注音，如mine [maɪn]，但现在用斜线的人越来越多了，如mine/maɪn/。
27.4 用在一个词内部的符号
27.4.1 撇号
撇号可用来：
1) 构成名词所有格：
They worked without a moment's rest. 他们一刻不停地工作。
2) 表示一个或几个字母给省略掉：
"Yes, ma'am, "Robert said. 罗伯特说，“是的，夫人？”
'flu， 'cello， '88
3) 构成字母、数码字等的复数形式：
You mustn't forget to dot your i's and cross your t's. 别忘了在i上加点，在t上加横。
How many 5's have you got? 你得了几个五分？
4) 用来构成动词短语的紧缩形式：
I've got something to tell you. 我有事要告诉你。
I'dlike to have a try. 我想试一试。
27.4.2 连字号
连字号主要用来构成合成词，如：
water-lily 水莲 water-melon 西瓜 water-plane 水上飞机
但有些合成词不用连字号，或连写成一个词，如：
water polo 水球 waterfall 瀑布 waterway 航道
印刷时移行也须借助连字号，如：
On further reflection, she set up in business as a book-
seller. 再次考虑之后，她做起了书商的生意。
下面列出最常用的成语动词（黑体部分），每个给一个例句。关于成语动词的详细用法可参阅《现代英语用法词典》（外研社）。
A
A treasurer must account for the money he spends. 财务主管必须说明钱是怎么花的。
The factory must aim at increasing production. 工厂必须致力于增加生产。
We must allow for the train being late. 我们必须把火车晚点考虑进去。
The situation allows of no delay. 形势不容许延误。
If I scold the boy he always answers back. 如果我责备这孩子，他总是顶嘴。
Seven candidates applied for the position. 有七个人申请这个职位。
I quite approve of the idea. 我完全赞成这个想法。
What decision did you finally arrive at? 最后你作出了什么决定？
They all asked after you. 他们都问你好。
They ask for more pay and shorter hours. 他们要求增加工资减少工时。
He often asked her out in the evenings. 他常常在晚上邀请她出去。
I'll attend to it. 我来处理此事。
B
When he took a gun out everyone backed away nervously. 当他拿出枪时，大家都紧张地往后退。
He agreed to help but backed out when he found how difficult it was. 他同意帮忙，但当他发现这事多么困难时就打退堂鼓了。
I've got to back him up. 我得支持他。
I'm against doing anything (for doing nothing) till the police arrive. 在警察到来之前我不赞成做任何事（我主张不做任何事）。
I'm afraid she's away for the weekend. 我想她是出去度周末了。
She'll be back in half an hour. 她半小时后回来。
I'm afraid we're in for a bumpy flight. 恐怕我们的飞行会很颠簸。
The storm is now over. 暴风雨已经过去。
She isn't up yet. 她还没有起床。
After his illness, the Minister was no longer up to doing the work. 生病之后部长已不能干这工作。
The boys are very quiet. I wonder what they are up to. 孩子们都非常安静，我纳闷他们想干什么（调皮的事）。
It is up to the government to take action on violence. 该由政府采取行动来对付暴力。
This report bears out my theory. 这个报告证实了我的理论。
He bore up well against all these misfortunes. 他坚强地承受了这一切不幸。
What has become of Jennie? 珍妮怎么样了？
The prisoner begged for mercy. 犯人乞求宽恕。
I'll begin by telling you an anecdote. 我先给你们讲一件有趣的事。
The concert began with the National Anthem. 音乐会以演奏国歌开始。
He believed in Darwinism. 他信仰进化论。
Most of them belong to the Han nationality. 他们大多数属于汉族。
Beware of pickpockets! 小心扒手！
The wind blew out the candle. 风把蜡烛吹灭了。
They blew up the bridge so that the enemy couldn't follow them. 他们炸毁了桥梁，使敌人无法追赶他们。
The milk boiled over. 牛奶溢了出来。
The firemen had to break down the door to get into the burning house. 消防队员只得砸门进入熊熊燃烧的房子。
He broke down when telling us about his son's tragic death. 他向我们讲述他儿子的惨死时禁不住哭了出来。
After years of overwork his health broke down and he had to retire. 多年过分劳累把他的身体弄垮了，他不得不退休。
The negotiations broke down because neither side would compromise. 商谈中断了，因为双方都不肯妥协。
The car broke down when we were driving to the airport. 在去机场的路上我们的车坏了。
Thieves broke in and stole the jewels. 小偷潜入屋内偷去了首饰。
He took a bar of chocolate and broke off a bit. 他拿了一大块巧克力，掰下一小块。
She has broken off her engagement to Peter. 她解除了和彼得的婚约。
War broke out on December 8. 战争于12月8日爆发。
The meeting broke up in confusion. 会议在混乱中结束。
Divorce breaks up a lot of families. 离婚使许多家庭破碎。
After a lot of argument I brought him round to my point of view. 经过长时间的辩论，我使他转而同意我的观点。
She fainted, but a little brandy soon brought her round. 她昏死过去，但喝了一点白兰地后她苏醒了过来。
She brought up her children to be truthful. 她培养孩子们说真话。
Why did you bring up that question? 你为什么提出那个问题？
The mob burnt down the embassy. 暴民焚毁了大使馆。
C
I'll call for you at nine. 我九点钟来接你。
We called for the package at the post office. 我们到邮局取包裹。
They called for a show of hands. 他们要求举手表决。
I think we ought to call in a specialist. 我想我们应当去请一位专家来。
They've called the game off. 他们取消了这次比赛。
I called on Mr. Black this evening. 今天晚上我去拜访了布莱克先生。
They called on the workers to oppose it. 他们号召工人反对它。
She called on a student to answer the question. 她叫一名学生回答这问题。
The police couldn't control the mob so troops were called out. 警察无法控制暴乱的人群，因此请来了军队。
All right, I'll call up again. 好的，我回头再打电话来。
That teacher didn't really care about his students. 那位教师并不真正关心他的学生。
He doesn't care for films about war. 他不喜欢战争片。
The mother cared for the sick child day and night. 这位母亲日夜照顾生病的孩子。
We have carried on a correspondence for years. 我们相互通信了好多年。
We'll carry on our conversation tomorrow. 明天我们继续谈。
Carry on with your work. 继续干你的工作。
He had carried out my instruction to the letter. 他严格执行了我的指示。
His courage carried him through. 他的勇气使他度过了难关。
I started last in the race but I soon caught up with the others. 赛跑时我最后一个起跑，但不久我就赶上了其他人。
They charged him with theft. 他们控告他偷窃。
He had to choose between death and dishonour. 他得在死和羞辱之间作出选择。
I must clean out the spare room. 我必须把那间备用房收拾干净。
Clean up the yard. 把院子打扫干净。
Could you clear away these papers? 你可否把这些报纸收走？
The mist cleared away as the sun came out. 太阳出来时雾气就消散了。
He told them to clear off or he'd call the police. 他让他们走开，否则他要叫警察了。
He cleared out the cupboards. 他把柜子收拾干净了。
The cop told the boys to clear out. 警察让那些男孩子走开。
The weather has cleared up. 天放晴了。
Clear up the mess. 把这些脏东西清扫掉。
I'd like to clear up two or three points. 我想澄清两三点。
I've lots of work to clear up by the weekend. 我有大量工作需在周末前完成。
Trade was so bad that many small shops closed down. 生意那样不好，许多小商店关门了。
The troops were closing in on the enemy. 军队从四面八方向敌人围了上来。
Darkness (Night) closed in on us. 夜色向我们逼近。
Perhaps I shall come across him in Japan. 或许我在日本会碰到他。
You go now. I'll come along later. 你先走，我稍晚就来。
Take every chance that comes along. 抓住任何出现的机会。
How is your work coming along? 你的工作进展情况如何？
And so Saturday night came around again. 于是星期六晚上又来临了。
The crazed man came at me with a meat-axe. 那个疯子拿着一把剁肉的斧子向我扑来。
Come away now. It's time to go home. 走吧，该回家了。
How did you come by this painting? 这张画你怎么得来的？
The price of meat has come down this week. 这星期肉价下降了。
The doctor came down on him hard. 医生厉声斥责了他。
He has come down with influenza. 他患上了流感。
I've come for my belongings. 我来拿我的东西。
Summer is supposed to come in during May. 夏天应在五月来临。
The socialists came in at the last election. 上次选举社会党人上台了。
She came in for a lot of criticism. 她受到很多批评。
The trees are late coming into blossom this year. 这些树今年开花很晚。
The treaty will come into force next month. 条约将在下月生效。
The present government came into power a year ago. 现政府是一年前开始执政的。
He came of a poor peasant family. 他出生于一个贫穷的农民家庭。
This comes of your carelessness. 这是你粗心大意造成的。
His hair began to come off. 他的头发开始脱落。
When does the concert come off? 音乐会什么时候举行？
His plans haven't come off. 他的计划没有成功。
I hope his plans are coming on all right. 我希望他的计划进展顺利。
The wheat was coming on nicely. 小麦长势良好。
Winter is coming on. 冬天正在来临。
Come on, make haste, or we'll be too late for the party. 来吧，赶快，否则就来不及参加晚会了。
Pulling open a drawer, she came on (upon) Jim's diary. 拉开抽屉时她看到了吉姆的日记本。
When did the book come out? 这书什么时候出版的？
Some flowers have begun to come out. 有些花已经开始绽放了。
She came out first in the examination. 她考了第一名。
The truth has come out at last. 真相终于大白。
She always comes out well in photographs. 她总是很上相。
The men've come out (on strike) for more pay. 工人们罢工要求增加工资。
Ink stains don't usually come out. 墨水印通常洗不掉。
Many congressmen came out against (for) the bill. 许多参议员表示反对（支持）这项法案。
He came out with some funny ideas. 他提出了一些滑稽的想法。
You must come over some evening. 哪天晚上你一定要到我家来。
A strange feeling came over me. 我突然产生一个奇怪的感觉。
I'm very much obliged to you for coming round. 你来我家我非常感谢。
The unconscious man slowly began to come round. 那个失去知觉的人开始慢慢苏醒过来。
She would come round—that was the best of her. 她会回心转意的，这是她最大的优点。
He came through the operation on his heart. 他安全经受了心脏手术。
As he came to a bridge, he heard a train approaching. 他来到桥头时听到有火车开过来。
The bill comes to$50. 账单总共是50美元。
In a few moments she suddenly came to. 过了一会儿她突然苏醒过来。
We must come to a definite decision. 我们必须作出一个明确的决定。
The train came to a stop. 火车停了下来。
The summer term had come to an end. 夏天的这个学期结束了。
Presently they came to blows. 不久他们就打起来了。
He never came to anything in the end. 最后他从未取得什么成就。
Don't act so foolishly. Come to your senses. 不要干傻事了，清醒清醒吧。
But Aunt Josephine came to his rescue. 但约瑟芬姨母来援救他了。
Don't talk all round the question, come to the point. 不要绕圈子，谈正题吧。
While we were talking, a man came up. 我们正谈话时一个人走了过来。
The bill came up for debate. 法案被提交大家辩论。
You might come up against a bit of opposition. 你可能会遭到一点反对。
The concert did not come up to expectations. 音乐会没达到预期的水平。
He came up with a new suggestion. 他提出了一个新建议。
The poet compared her teeth to pearls. 诗人把她的牙齿比作珍珠。
He cannot compare with Shakespeare. 他不能和莎士比亚相比。
Nothing can compensate for the loss of one's health. 丧失了健康什么也不能弥补。
They competed for the gold medal. 他们争夺金牌。
We can't hope to compete with him. 我们不能指望和他抗衡。
She complained about the food (of his rudeness). 她抱怨伙食不好（他粗鲁无礼）。
We must comply with the rules. 我们必须遵守这些规定。
The school conferred a medal on him. 学校颁发给他一枚奖章。
I must confer with my lawyer first. 我得先和我的律师商量一下。
He confessed to having done it. 他承认这是他干的。
All students must conform to the rules. 所有学生都要遵守规定。
Carbon dioxide consists of carbon and oxygen. 二氧化碳含有碳和氧。
Goodness consists in being honest. 善良也包含诚实。
All sorts of difficulties cropped up. 产生了各种各样的困难。
If you cut down all the trees you will ruin the land. 如果你把所有的树都砍掉，这片地就毁了。
We must cut down expenses. 我们必须削减开支。
Could you cut the article down to 2,000 words? 你能把这篇文章压缩到两千词吗？
They have cut off our electricity supply. 他们切断了我们的电源。
The village was cut off by the snow for more than a month. 大雪把村子和外界隔绝了一个多月。
