Malin Ah-King, Andrew B. Barron and Marie E. Herberstein, ‘Genital Evolution:Why Are Females Still Understudied?’ in PLoS Biology, 12: 5 (2014), pp. 1–7
William G. Eberhard, ‘Rapid Divergent Evolution of Genitalia’ in The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals, ed. by Alex Córdoba-Aguilar and Janet L. Leonard(Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 40–78; and Paula Stockley and David J. Hosken,‘Sexual Selection and Genital Evolution’ in Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19: 2 (2014),pp. 87–93
Richard O. Prum, The Evolution of Beauty (Anchor Books, 2017), p. 162
在2018年四足动物学（TetZoo）会议上，我问过阿尔伯特·陈（一位研究祖先鸟类化石的专家）恐龙的阴茎会是什么样子。他睁大眼睛，用一个词回答：“可怕。”对好奇（和勇敢）的人来说，上网搜索一下鸵鸟阴茎的照片，你就会明白陈的态度，意识到霸王龙最可怕的地方可能不是牙齿。
Kevin G. McCracken, Robert E. Wilson, Pamela J. McCracken and Kevin P.Johnson, ‘Are Ducks Impressed by Drakes’ Display?’ in Nature, 413: 128 (2001)
Patricia L. R. Brennan, Christopher J. Clark and Richard O. Prum, ‘Explosive Eversion and Functional Morphology of Waterfowl Penis Supports Sexual Conflict in Genitalia’ in Proceedings of the Royal Society B (2010), pp. 1309–14
McCracken, Wilson, McCracken and Johnson, ‘Are Ducks Impressed by Drakes’Display?’
自20世纪70年代以来，大多数生物学家使用“强迫交配”而非“强奸”一词来描述动物的性胁迫行为。因为人们认识到，人类之间的强奸是一种更为复杂的现象，可能有复杂的心理、社会和文化背景原因，因而并不适用于鸭子或臭虫等动物。这个区分很重要，一部分认为人类强奸行为来自演化论决定的本能的男性生物学家正是没能意识到这一点。（Craig Palmer and Randy Thornhill, A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Coercion (MIT Press, 2000)）将强奸归于生物本能的观点受到了广泛的批评。如今，生物学家在讨论动物行为时会严格避免使用描述人类社会的词语，就是为了防止暗示性选择让每一名人类男性心中都住着一个强奸犯。（Patricia Adair Gowaty, ‘Forced or Aggressively Coerced Copulation’ in Encyclopedia of Animal Behaviour (Elsevier, 2010), p. 760）
Brennan, Clark and Prum, ‘Explosive Eversion and Functional Morphology’
Patricia L. R. Brennan, Richard O. Prum, Kevin G. McCracken, Michael D.Sorenson, Robert E. Wilson and Tim R. Birkhead, ‘Coevolution of Male and Female Genital Morphology in Waterfowl’ in PLoS One, 2: 5 (2007)
Patricia L. R. Brennan, ‘Genital Evolution: Cock-a-Doodle-Don’t’ in Current Biology, 23: 12 (2013), pp. 523–5
Gowaty, ‘Forced or Aggressively Coerced Copulation’, pp. 759–63
Prum, The Evolution of Beauty, pp. 179–81
Ah-King, Barron and Herberstein, ‘Genital Evolution: Why Are Females Still Understudied?’
Yoshitaka Kamimura and Yoh Matsuo, ‘A “Spare” Compensates for the Risk of Destruction of the Elongated Penis of Earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera)’ in Naturwissenschaften (2001), pp. 468–71
‘Last-male Paternity of Euborellia plebeja, an Earwig with Elongated Genitalia and Sperm-removal Behaviour’ in Journal of Ethology (2005), pp. 35–41
Yoshitaka Kamimura, ‘Promiscuity and Elongated Sperm Storage Organs Work Cooperatively as a Cryptic Female Choice Mechanism in an Earwig’ in Animal Behaviour,85 (2013), pp. 377–83
William G. Eberhard, ‘Inadvertent Machismo?’ in Trends in Ecology & Evolution,5: 8 (1990) p. 263
Marlene Zuk, Sexual Selections: What We Can and Can’t Learn about Sex from Animals (University of California Press, 2002), p. 82
William G. Eberhard, Female Control: Sexual Selection by Cryptic Female Choice(Princeton University Press, 1996)
Patricia L. R. Brennan, ‘Studying Genital Coevolution to Understand Intromittent Organ Morphology’ in Integrative and Comparative Biology, 56: 4 (2016), pp. 669–81
Takeshi Furuichi, Richard Connor and Chie Hashimoto, ‘Non- conceptive Sexual Interactions in Monkeys, Apes and Dolphins’ in Primates and Cetaceans: Field Research and Conservation of Complex Mammalian Societies, ed. by Leszek Karczmarski and Juichi Yamagiwa (Springer, 2014), p. 390
海豚的强迫交配对象并不局限于其他海豚，有许多关于其他物种（尤其是人类）的无辜受害者的报道。在布雷斯特湾沿岸的法国海滨村庄，一个让人想起电影《大白鲨》的地方，一只名叫萨法尔的海豚由于在交配中受挫，开始骚扰海滩的游客，村长被迫禁止了8月旅游旺季的海滩游泳。（‘Sexually Frustrated Dolphin Named Zafar Sexually Terrorizes Tourists on a French Beach’ (Telegraph, 27 August 2018), https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/27/swimming-banned-french-beach-sexually-frustrated-dolphin-named/）
Dara N. Orbach, Diane A. Kelly, Mauricio Solano and Patricia L. R. Brennan,‘Genital Interactions During Simulated Copulation Among Marine Mammals’ in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 284:1864 (2017)
Séverine D. Buechel, Isobel Booksmythe, Alexander Kotrschal, Michael D.Jennions and Niclas Kolm, ‘Artificial Selection on Male Genitalia Length Alters Female Brain Size’ in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 283: 1843 (2016)
Patricia L. R. Brennan and Dara N. Orbach, ‘Functional Morphology of the Dolphin Clitoris’ in The FASEB journal, 3: S1 (2019), p. 10. 4
法洛皮奥是他那个时代最伟大的解剖学家之一，也是女性生殖解剖学方面难得的研究权威。（M. M. Mortazavi, N. Adeeb, B. Latif, K. Watanabe, A. Deep, C. J. Griessenauer, R.S. Tubbs and T. Fukushima, ‘Gabriele Falloppio (1523– 1562) and His Contributions to the Development of Medicine and Anatomy’ in Child’s Nervous System (2013) pp. 877–80）他是第一个准确描述从卵巢到子宫的管道（他称之为“子宫的喇叭”）（ Çağatay Öncel, ‘One of the Great Pioneers of Anatomy: Gabriele Falloppio(1523–562)’ in Bezmialem Science, 123 (2016)）的人。该管道随后被以他的名字命名为“法洛皮奥管”（输卵管），尽管他并不知道它的功能。法洛皮奥还创造了“vagina”（阴道）一词，并反驳了当时认为阴茎在性交过程中进入子宫的流行观念。最具有讽刺意味的是，作为一个天主教教士，他还开发了世界上第一个预防性护套（安全套），作为防止感染梅毒的措施。这种安全套是一个浸透了盐和草药（有时是牛奶）溶液的亚麻布小帽，用来盖住阴茎头。这个湿漉漉的装置用一条粉红色的丝带牢牢固定住，以“吸引女性”。（‘Gabriele Falloppio’, Whonamedit? A Dictionary of Medical Eponyms, http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2288.html）
Helen E. O’Connell, Kalavampara V. Sanjeevan and John M. Hutson, ‘Anatomy of the Clitoris’ in Journal of Urology, 174: 4 (2005), p. 1189
Schilthuizen, Nature’s Nether Regions, p. 74
Adele E. Clarke and Lisa Jean Moore, ‘Clitoral Conventions and Transgressions:Graphic Representations in Anatomy Texts’ in Feminist Studies, 21: 2 (1995), p. 271
O’Connell, Sanjeevan and Hutson, ‘Anatomy of the Clitoris’
Helen O’Connell, ‘Anatomical Relationship Between Urethra and Clitoris’ in Journal of Urology, 159: 6 (1998), pp. 1892–7
Nadia S. Sloan and Leigh W. Simmons, ‘The Evolution of Female Genitalia’ in Journal of Evolutionary Biology (2019), pp. 1–18
Eberhard, Female Control
Víctor Poza Moreno, ‘Stimulation During Insemination: The Danish Perspective’,Pig333.com Professional Pig Community, 15 Sept. 2011, https://www.pig333.com/articles/stimulation-during-insemination-the-danish-perspective_4812/
Teri J. Orr and Virginia Hayssen, Reproduction in Mammals: The Female Perspective (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017)
David A. Puts, Khytam Dawood and Lisa L. M. Welling, ‘Why Women Have Orgasms: An Evolutionary Analysis’ in Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 41: 5 (2012), pp.1127–43
Monica Carosi and Alfonso Troisi, ‘Female Orgasm Rate Increases With Male Dominance in Japanese Macaques’ in Animal Behaviour (1998), pp. 1261–6
Puts, Dawood and Welling, ‘Why Women Have Orgasms’
Orr and Hayssen, Reproduction in Mammals, p. 115
Emily Martin, ‘The Egg and the Sperm: How Science Has Constructed a Romance Based on Stereotypical Male–Female Roles’ in Signs (University of Chicago Press), 16: 3(1991), pp. 485–501
John L. Fitzpatrick, Charlotte Willis, Alessandro Devigili, Amy Young, Michael Carroll, Helen R. Hunter and Daniel R. Brison, ‘Chemical Signals from Eggs Facilitate Cryptic Female Choice in Humans’ in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287: 1928 (2020)
