抽象思维与概念推理
27 一份30年前的报告：R. D. Tuddenham, “Soldier Intelligence in World Wars I and II,” American Psychologist 3, no. 2 (1948): 54—56.
28 如果火星人在地球着陆：J. R. Flynn, Does Your Family Make You Smarter? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 85.
28 “从摇篮一直保持到坟墓”：J. R. Flynn, What Is Intelligence? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
28 弗林把自己的发现公开发表：J. R. Flynn, “The Mean IQ of Americans: Massive Gains 1932 to 1978,” Psychological Bulletin 95, no. 1 (1984): 29—51; J. R. Flynn, “Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations,” Psychological Bulletin 101, no. 2 (1987): 171—91. 有关弗林效应的优秀入门读物，请参见：I. J. Deary, Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
29 当评估学校里学到的知识：除了对弗林的采访外，他的书也很有帮助——特别是《我们变聪明了吗？》中长达数百页的附录(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
29 两者都是白天与黑夜的分界线：M. C. Fox and A. L. Mitchum, “A Knowledge-Based Theory of Rising Scores on ‘Culture-Free’ Tests,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 142, no. 3 (2013): 979—1000.
29 当一组爱沙尼亚研究人员：O. Must et al., “Predicting the Flynn Effect Through Word Abstractness: Results from the National Intelligence Tests Support Flynn’s Explanation,” Intelligence 57 (2016): 7—14. 我第一次看到这些成果是在俄罗斯圣彼得堡，在2016年国际情报研究学会上。大会邀请我前往发表一年一度的康斯坦斯·霍尔登纪念演说。经过四次签证申请才成功后，我到达了。这场活动充满了激烈但平民化的辩论，包括关于弗林效应的辩论，这是一个很好的背景参考资料。
29 “瑞文标准推理测验的测试结果有了巨大进步”：J. R. Flynn, What Is Intelligence?
29—30 即使是在……国家：E. Dutton et al., “The Negative Flynn Effect,” Intelligence 59 (2016): 163—69. And see Flynn’s Are We Getting Smarter? on, for example, trends in Sudan.
30 亚历山大·鲁利亚：鲁利亚的书是这一部分的主要参考来源——《认知发展：其文化和社会基础》Cognitive Development: Its Cultural and Social Foundations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976).
31 他学会了当地的语言：E. D. Homskaya, Alexander Romanovich Luria: A Scientific Biography (New York: Springer, 2001).
32 “教育”：Flynn’s Does Your Family Make You Smarter? and chap. 22 of R. J. Sternberg and S. B. Kaufman, eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
33 只见树木，不见森林：在不同语境下对“见树”现象的深入描述可在乌塔·弗里斯（U. Frith）《自闭症：解开谜团》（Autism: Explaining the Enigma）“弱中心连贯性”一节中找到 (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003).
33 克佩勒人：S. Scribner, “Developmental Aspects of Categorized Recall in a West African Society,” Cognitive Psychology 6 (1974): 475—94. 有关扩展鲁利亚发现的更多信息，请参见：M. Cole and S. Scribner, Culture and Thought (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1974).
34 “百分比”这个词：我通过谷歌N元语法查看器搜索“百分比”，另见：J. B. Michel et al., “Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books,” Science 331 (2011): 176—82.
34 他们在瑞文标准推理测验中表现得很好：Flynn, Does Your Family Make You Smarter?
35 提供内心的平静：S. Arbesman, Overcomplicated (New York: Portfolio, 2017), 158—60.
35 认知灵活性：C. Schooler, “Environmental Complexity and the Flynn Effect,” in The Rising Curve, ed. U. Neisser (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1998). And see: A. Inkeles and D. H. Smith, Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974).
35 “历史学家在以世纪为单位审视人类历史时都不会忽视这样一个事实”：S. Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature (New York: Penguin, 2011).
35 弗林效应在女性身上的体现就比男性要慢：Flynn, Are We Getting Smarter?.
37 “在大学里取得好成绩”：Flynn, How to Improve Your Mind (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012). 弗林热心地向我提供了测试和答案。
38 经济学教授也能够：R. P. Larrick et al., “Teaching the Use of Cost-Benefit Reasoning in Everyday Life,” Psychological Science 1, no. 6 (1990): 362—70; R. P. Larrick et al., “Who Uses the Cost-Benefit Rules of Choice?,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 56 (1993): 331—47. (Hogarth’s “what strikes me” quote in the footnote is from his Educating Intuition, p. 222).
38 化学专业的学生：J. F. Voss et al., “Individual Differences in the Solving of Social Science Problems,” in Individual Differences in Cognition, vol. 1, ed. R. F. Dillon and R. R. Schmeck (New York: Academic Press, 1983); D. R. Lehman et al., “The Effects of Graduate Training on Reasoning,” American Psychologist 43, no. 6 (1988): 431—43.
39 “是为学生们介绍”：“The College Core Curriculum,” University of Chicago, https:// college.uchicago.edu/academics/college-core-curriculum.
40 一分钟就被选满了：M. Nijhuis, “How to Call B.S. on Big Data: A Practical Guide,” The New Yorker, June 3, 2017, online ed.
40 “计算思维是用抽象和分解的方法来解决”：J. M. Wing, “Computational Thinking,” Communications of the ACM 49, no. 3 (2006): 33—35.
40 狭隘的职业培训：B. Caplan, The Case Against Education (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018), 233—35.
40 职业与他们大学所学的专业无关：J. R. Abel and R. Deitz, “Agglomeration and Job Matching among College Graduates.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 51 (2015): 14—24.
40 “没有一种工具是万能的”：A. J. Toynbee, A Study of History, vol. 12, Reconsiderations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), 42.
41 “每个人都忙着做研究”：Center for Evidence-Based Medicine video, “Doug Altman—Scandal of Poor Medical Research,” https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=ZwDNPldQO1Q.
42 在广义的思维策略（例如费米式思考）上稍加训练，就能收效颇佳：除了上述参考中拉里克和雷曼的研究外，还可参见：D. F. Halpern, “Teaching Critical Thinking for Transfer Across Domains,” American Psychologist 53, no. 4 (1998): 449—55; W. Chang et al., “Developing Expert Political Judgment,” Judgment and Decision Making 11, no. 5 (2016): 509—26.
42 “费米式思考是如何像热刀切黄油一样揭穿屁话的”：“Case Studies: Bullshit in the Wild,” Calling Bullshit, https://callingbullshit.org/case_studies.html.
