局外人的优势
173 完全被解决的占了1/3多一点：K. R. Lakhani, “InnoCentive.com (A),” HBS No. 9- 608-170, Harvard Business School Publishing, 2009. See also: S. Page, The Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).
173 “饥饿比刀剑更加凶残”：T. Standage, An Edible History of Humanity (New York: Bloomsbury, 2009).
173 为食物保存研究设立了奖金：“Selected Innovation Prizes and Rewards Programs,” Knowledge Ecology International, KEI Research Note, 2008: 1.
174 一整只羊：J. H. Collins, The Story of Canned Foods (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1924).
174 拿破仑在滑铁卢惨败，他携带的补给品都被英军吃掉了：Standage, An Edible History of Humanity.
175 “我认为……能够帮人走出困境”：Cragin’s presentation at Collaborative Innovation: Public Sector Prizes, June 12, 2012, Washington, D.C., The Case Foundation and The Joyce Foundation.
178 “三个晚上”：J. Travis, “Science by the Masses,” Science 319, no. 5871 (2008): 1750—52.
178 “问题离解决者的专业越遥远”：C. Dean, “If You Have a Problem, Ask Everyone,” New York Times, July 22, 2008. See also: L. Moise interview with K. Lakhani, “5 Questions with Dr. Karim Lakhani,” InnoCentive Innovation Blog, Jul 25, 2008.
178 “对新的解决方案的探索”：K. R. Lakhani et al., “Open Innovation and Organizational Boundaries,” in A. Grandori, ed., Handbook of Economic Organization (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2013).
178 “我们的研究发现”：S. Joni, “Stop Relying on Experts for Innovation: A Conversation with Karim Lakhani,” Forbes, October 23, 2013, online ed.
179 “需要的是更有创造性的解决办法”：Kaggle Team, “Profiling Top Kagglers: Bestfitting, Currently #1 in the World,” No Free Hunch (official Kaggle blog), May 7, 2018.
179 “斯旺森是全国第一位领导图书馆专业的物理学家”：Copy of University of Chicago Office of Public Relations memo (No. 62-583) for December 17, 1962.
180 “与现存的知识总量相比，相差悬殊”：D. R. Swanson, “On the Fragmentation of Knowledge, the Connection Explosion, and Assembling Other People’s Ideas,” Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 27, no. 3 (2005): 12—14.
180 1960年，美国国家医药图书馆：K. J. Boudreau et al., “Looking Across and Looking Beyond the Knowledge Frontier,” Management Science 62, no. 10 (2016): 2765—83.
180 “11个被忽视的联系”：D. R. Swanson, “Migraine and Magnesium: Eleven Neglected Connections,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 31, no. 4 (1988): 526—57.
181 “主场”：L. Moise interview with K. Lakhani, “5 Questions with Dr. Karim Lakhani.”
184 她发现了一篇论文：这篇论文是： F. Deymeer et al., “327 Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy with Unusual Features,” Muscle and Nerve 16 (1993): 1359—65.
185 1999年，吉尔收到了一封来自意大利研究小组的邮件：该意大利研究小组很快便将他们的研究结果予以公开发表（这当然也要感谢吉尔）：G. Bonne et al., “Mutations in the Gene Encoding Lamin A/C Cause Autosomal Dominant Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy,” Nature Genetics 21, no. 3 (1999): 285—88.
