刻意的初学者
278 “很有前途！”：史密斯在他公开的诺贝尔奖演讲“翻页”（2007年12月7日）中讨论了他的一些工作和笔记本文件。北卡罗来纳大学维护着在线档案馆，里面有六十多年来史密斯笔记的数字化版本，以及史密斯本人浏览这些笔记本并提供评论的录音。（史密斯告诉我，即使在周六，人们也应该随身携带笔记本。）这个档案是一个很好的采访准备资源，可以在网站smithies.lib.unc.edu/notebook上获得。
279 2016年，一项针对一万名研究人员的职业生涯调查：A. Clauset et al., “Data-Driven Predictions in the Science of Science,” Science 355 (2017): 477—80.
280 其他科学家已经测试了240 000种化合物：P. McKenna, “Nobel Prize Goes to Modest Woman Who Beat Malaria for China,” New Scientist, November 9, 2011, online ed.
280 公元4世纪的一位中国炼金士：炼金士和草药医生葛洪在东晋时期写了一本《肘后救卒方》。屠呦呦在她的诺贝尔演讲中给出了背景：“青蒿素——中医药给世界的礼物”（2015年12月7日）。她在分享了一张16世纪该书手抄本的照片，参见：Y. Tu, “The Discovery of Artemisinin (Qinghaosu) and Gifts from Chinese Medicine,” Nature Medicine 17, no. 10 (2011): 1217—20.
280 一项关于非洲疟疾发病率下降的研究：Bhatt et al., “The Effect of Malaria Control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa Between 2000 and 2015,” Nature 526 (2015): 207—11.
280 贴上了一个标签：“完全不能用了，但是奥利弗能用。”：G. Watts, “Obituary: Oliver Smithies,” Lancet 389 (2017): 1004.
281 用胶带粘下一层层薄薄的石墨：盖姆在题为《漫话石墨烯》“Random Walk to Graphene” (December 8, 2010)的诺贝尔演讲中详细介绍了这一发现。给出了各生动形象的部分标题：“僵尸管理”“宁可犯错也不无聊”和“苏格兰磁带的传奇”。
281 硬度却是钢铁的两百倍：C. Lee et al., “Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene,” Science 321 (2008): 385—8.
281 用石墨烯喂养的蜘蛛：E. Lepore et al., “Spider Silk Reinforced by Graphene or Carbon Nanotubes,” 2D Materials 4, no. 3 (2017): 031013.
281 “足够的科学进步”：J. Colapinto, “Material Question,” The New Yorker, December 2014, online ed.
281—282 “刻意的初学者”；“创新与精通的矛盾”：萨拉·刘易斯有关创造力的精彩著作为：The Rise: Creativity, the Gift of Failure, and the Search for Mastery (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014).
282 “我的研究风格与众不同”：“U. Manchester’s Andre Geim: Sticking with Graphene—For Now,” ScienceWatch newsletter interview, August 2008.
282 “从来不屑于问的问题”：Lewis, The Rise.
282 “有限马虎原则”：Max Delbrück interviews with Carolyn Harding in 1978, California Institute of Technology Oral History Project, 1979.
282 “似乎浪费着生命”；“这里的灵活性”：E. Pain, “Sharing a Nobel Prize at 36,” Science, online ed. career profiles, February 25, 2011.
284 “如果这种情况持续下去”：A. Casadevall, “Crisis in Biomedical Sciences: Time for Reform?,” Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Dean’s Lecture Series, February 21, 2017, www.youtube.com/watch?v=05Sk-3u90Jo. See also: F. C. Fang et al., “Misconduct Accounts for the Majority of Retracted Scientific Publications,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109, no. 42 (2012): 17028—33.
284 极易被撤稿：“Why High-Profile Journals Have More Retractions, “Nature, online ed., September 17, 2014.
285 如果某种疾病的患病率是1‰：A. K. Manrai et al., “Medicine’s Uncomfortable Relationship with Math,” JAMA Internal Medicine 174, no. 6 (2014): 991—93.
286 “行业协会出现在中世纪的欧洲”；有一种会议越来越多了：A. Casadevall and F. C. Fang, “Specialized Science,” Infection and Immunity 82, no. 4 (2014): 1355—60.
287 生物医学类的研究资金呈指数级增长：A. Bowen and A. Casadevall, “Increasing Disparities Between Resource Inputs and Outcome, as Measured by Certain Health Deliverables, in Biomedical Research,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112, no. 36 (2015): 11335—40.
287 而最近，人均预期寿命却缩短了：J. Y. Ho and A. S. Hendi, “Recent Trends in Life Expectancy Across High Income Countries,” BMJ (2018), 362:k2562.
287 有人研究了……的联结和……关联：R. Guimerà et al., “Team Assembly Mechanisms Determine Collaboration Network Structure and Team Performance,” Science 308 (2005): 697—702.
288 “整个工作网络完全不同”：“Dream Teams Thrive on Mix of Old and New Blood,” Northwestern Now, May 3, 2005.
288 百老汇在任何一个时代的商业命运：B. Uzzi and J. Spiro, “Collaboration and Creativity,” American Journal of Sociology 111, no. 2 (2005): 447—504.
288 “观点的进出口”：“Teaming Up to Drive Scientific Discovery,” Brian Uzzi at TEDxNorthwesternU, June 2012.
289 科学家们的“套利”机会：C. Franzoni et al., “The Mover’s Advantage: The Superior Performance of Migrant Scientists,” Economic Letters 122, no. 1 (2014): 89—93; see also: A. M. Petersen, “Multiscale Impact of Researcher Mobility,” Journal of the Royal Society Interface 15, no. 146 (2018): 20180580.
289 乌奇和团队分析了：B. Uzzi et al., “Atypical Combinations and Scientific Impact,” Science 342 (2013): 468—72.
289 这篇论文就被称为“新颖论文”：J. Wang et al., “Bias Against Novelty in Science,” Research Policy 46, no. 8 (2017): 1416—36.
289 在不同知识之间架起桥梁的论文：K. J. Boudreau et al., “Looking Across and Looking Beyond the Knowledge Frontier: Intellectual Distance, Novelty, and Resource Allocation in Science,” Management Science 62, no. 10 (2016): 2765—83.
290 真菌靠辐射给自己提供营养：E. Dadachova et al., “Ionizing Radiation Changes the Electronic Properties of Melanin and Enhances the Growth of Melanized Fungi,” PLoS ONE 2, no. 5 (2007): e457.
292 旁听一场……资助政策听证会：例如 D. Epstein, “Senatorial Peer Review,” Inside Higher Ed, May 3, 2006; and: D. Epstein, “Science Bill Advances,” Inside Higher Ed, May 19, 2006.有趣的是，在这些听证会上，新罕布夏州参议员（兼工程学博士）约翰·苏努努（John Sununu）通常是一位尖锐的预算鹰派人士，他正好站在和凯·贝利·哈钦森的对立面，主张为研究提供资金，但没有明确的申请。“如果你能确定经济效益，那就没必要资助它，”他说，“这就是我们成立风险投资社区的原因。”
293 一种奇怪的现象：Clauset et al., “Data-Driven Predictions in the Science of Science.”
294 “这些球员很少做有组织的训练”：M. Hornig et al., “Practice and Play in the Development of German Top-Level Professional Football Players,” European Journal of Sport Science 16, no. 1 (2016): 96—105.
294 “涉猎的时间”：J. Gifford, 100 Great Business Leaders (Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Business, 2013).
结语 拓展你的广度学习
295 杰出的创造者发明的东西越多：关于这项研究（包括爱迪生的专利）的出色讨论，请参见：chapter 10 of S. B. Kaufman and C. Gregoire, Wired to Create (New York: Perigee, 2015). 根据“人气”分数对莎士比亚戏剧的一个有趣的分析：D. K. Simonton, “Popularity, Content, and Context in 37 Shakespeare Plays,” Poetics 15 (1986): 493—510.
296 蕾切尔·怀特里德也取得了类似的成就：W. Osgerby, “Young British Artists,” in ART: The Whole Story, ed. S. Farthing (London: Thames & Hudson, 2010).
296 “棒球是一种缩水版的结果分布”：M. Simmons, “Forget the 10, 000-Hour Rule,” Medium, October 26, 2017.
297 他二十二岁才开始上正式的钢琴课：W. Moskalew et al., Svetik: A Family Memoir of Sviatoslav Richter (London: Toccata Press, 2015).
297 直到十三岁才第一次摸到篮球：“My Amazing Journey—Steve Nash,” NBA.com, 2007—08 Season Preview.
297 尤利乌斯·恺撒 ：C. Pelling, Plutarch and History (Swansea: Classical Press of Wales, 2002).
298 “这是一次实验”：Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919) (Holmes dissenting opinion).
Table of Contents
引言 费德勒VS.老虎·伍兹
