3 这个日期还在回溯修正，也许可能早到四十万年前的伊比利半岛那时。Richard Leakey, The Origin of Humankind (New York: Basic Books, 1994); Merlin Donald, Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991); Steven Mithen, The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006); Ian Tattersall, The Monkey in the Mirror: Essays on the Science of What Makes Us Human (New York: Harcourt, 2002); John Allen, Home: How Habitat Made Us Human (New York: Basic Books, 2015); Craig Stanford, John S. Allen, and Susan C. Anton, Exploring Biological Anthropology: The Essentials (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson, 2012). 美国人类学学术研究与培训中心（CARTA）对于人类起源的研究，也就是所谓的人类起源论（anthropogeny），可以提供极佳的科学信息，请参考：https://carta.anthropogeny.org/about/carta。
4 Michael Tomasello, The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999); Michael Tomasello, A Natural History of Human Thinking (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2014); Michael Tomasello, A Natural History of Human Morality (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2016).
5 在一八四二年维多利亚女王参观伦敦动物园的报导中；Jonathan Weiner, “Darwin at the Zoo,” Scientific American 295, no. 6 (2006): 114–19.
6 此部分的参考文献包括：Paul B. Rainey and Katrina Rainey, “Evolution of Cooperation and Conflict in Experimental Bacterial Populations,” Nature 425, no. 6953 (2003): 72–74; Kenneth H. Nealson and J. Woodland Hastings, “Quorum Sensing on a Global Scale: Massive Numbers of Bioluminescent Bacteria Make Milky Seas,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 4 (2006): 2295–97; Stephen P. Diggle, Ashleigh S. Griffin, Genevieve S. Campbell, and Stuart A. West, “Cooperation and Conflict in Quorum- Sensing Bacterial Populations,” Nature 450, no. 7168 (2007): 411–14; Lucas R. Hoffman, David A. D’Argenio, Michael J. MacCoss, Zhao-ying Zhang, Roger A. Jones, and Samuel I. Miller, “Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Induce Bacterial Biofilm Formation,” Nature 436, no. 7054 (2005): 1171–75; Ivan Erill, Susana Campoy, and Jordi Barbé, “Aeons of Distress: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Bacterial SOS Response,” FEMS Microbiology Reviews 31, no. 6 (2007): 637–56; Delphine Icard-Arcizet, Olivier Cardoso, Alain Richert, and Sylvie Hénon, “Cell Stiffening in Response to External Stress Is Correlated to Actin Recruitment,” Biophysical Journal 94, no. 7 (2008): 2906–13; Vanessa Sperandio, Alfredo G. Torres, Bruce Jarvis, James P. Nataro, and James B. Kaper, “Bacteria-Host Communication: The Language of Hormones,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 15 (2003): 8951–56; Robert K. Naviaux, “Metabolic Features of the Cell Danger Response,” Mitochondrion 16 (2014): 7–17; Daniel B. Kearns, “A Field Guide to Bacterial Swarming Motility,” Nature Reviews Microbiology 8, no. 9 (2010): 634–44; Alexandre Persat, Carey D. Nadell, Minyoung Kevin Kim, Francois Ingremeau, Albert Siryaporn, Knut Drescher, Ned S. Wingreen, Bonnie L. Bassler, Zemer Gitai, and Howard A. Stone, “The Mechanical World of Bacteria,” Cell 161, no. 5 (2015): 988–97; David T. Hughes and Vanessa Sperandio, “Inter-kingdom Signaling: Communication Between Bacteria and Their Hosts,” Nature Reviews Microbiology 6, no. 2 (2008): 111–20; Thibaut Brunet and Detlev Arendt, “From Damage Response to Action Potentials: Early Evolution of Neural and Contractile Modules in Stem Eukaryotes,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371, no. 1685 (2016): 20150043; Laurent Keller and Michael G. Surette, “Communication in Bacteria: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective,” Nature Reviews 4 (2006): 249–58.
7 Alexandre Jousset, Nico Eisenhauer, Eva Materne, and Stefan Sche, “Evolutionary History Predicts the Stability of Cooperation in Microbial Communities,” Nature Communications 4 (2013).
8 Karin E. Kram and Steven E. Finkel, “Culture Volume and Vessel Affect Long-Term Survival, Mutation Frequency, and Oxidative Stress of Escherichia coli,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology.
9 Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, “Accord des différentes lois de la nature qui avaient jusqu’ici paru incompatibles,” Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences (1744): 417–26; Richard Feynman, “The Principle of Least Action,” in The Feynman Lectures on Physics: Volume II, chap. 19, accessed Jan. 20, 2017, http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/II_toc.html.
10 艾德华·威尔森（Edward O. Wilson）曾对昆虫的复杂社会生活做了广泛的描写。他的著作《The Social Conquest of the Earth》（New York: Liveright, 2012）为这个特殊研究领域提供了概述。
11 如前所述，在强大的负面感觉下，感觉与恒定状态的一致关系会被打破。极度的悲伤不一定会表现出基本恒定状态的极端缺乏，虽然它会造成这样的结果，甚至会导致自杀。情境式的悲伤与忧郁会表现出不利的社会处境，在这样的情况下，感觉就是事先评估恒定调节状态是否有问题的指标。
12 Talcott Parsons, “Evolutionary Universals in Society,” American Sociological Review 29, no. 3 (1964): 339–57; Talcott Parsons, “Social Systems and the Evolution of Action Theory,” Ethics 90, no. 4 (1980): 608–11. 社会科学中的其他思想家，例如皮耶·布迪厄（Pierre Bourdieu）、米歇尔·傅柯（Michel Foucault）及亚兰·杜汉（Alain Touraine），他们的想法很容易就可以转化成我的生物观点。
13 F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Scribner’s, 1925).
