152 Manuel Castells, Communication Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009); Manuel Castells, Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2015).
153 Amartya Sen, “The Economics of Happiness and Capability”; Onora O’Neill, Justice Across Boundaries: Whose Obligations· (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016); Nussbaum, Political Emotions; Peter Singer, The Expanding Circle: Ethics, Evolution, and Moral Progress (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2011); Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Penguin Books, 2011).
154 请参见Haidt, Righteous Mind.
155 Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents: The Standard Edition (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010).
156 Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, Why War· The Correspondence Between Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, trans. Fritz Moellenhoff and Anna Moellenhoff (Chicago: Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis, 1933).
157 Janet L. Lauritsen, Karen Heimer, and James P. Lynch, “Trends in the Gender Gap in Violent Offending: New Evidence from the National Crime Victimization Survey,” Criminology 47, no. 2 (2009): 361–99; Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson, Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996); Sell, Tooby, and Cosmides, “Formidability and the Logic of Human Anger.”
158 Zivin, Hsiang, and Neidell, “Temperature and Human Capital in the Short- and Long-Run”; Butke and Sheridan, “Analysis of the Relationship Between Weather and Aggressive Crime in Cleveland, Ohio.”
159 Harari, Homo Deus; Bostrom, Superintelligence.
160 Parsons, “Evolutionary Universals in Society.”
161 Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (New York: A&C Black, 2006); Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse on Inequality (New York: Penguin, 1984).
162 John Gray, Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other Animals (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002); John Gray, False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism (London: Granta, 2009); John Gray, The Silence of Animals: On Progress and Other Modern Myths (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013).
163 Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2002).
164 「意识的负担」（the burden of consciousness）是个专门应用在大部分意识作用的术语。我们认为这个用法来自于：George Soros, The Age of Fallibility: Consequences of the War on Terror (New York: Public Affairs, 2006).
165 在这个问题上有本专书值得一读：David Sloan Wilson, Does Altruism Exist· Culture, Genes, and the Welfare of Others (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2015).
166 威尔第于一九八三年写下《法斯塔夫》。距此不久的十年前，从未试过将爱与死亡分开的理察·华格纳（Richard Wagner），仍深陷在多神教的混乱中。华格纳在人类处境上最具光明面的剧作是具有救赎意味的《帕西法尔》（Parsifal）。
167 保罗·布鲁姆（Paul Bloom）对同理的限制条件就与这种想法有关。Paul Bloom, Against Empathy: The Case for Rational Compassion (New York: HarperCollins, 2016).
