1. Hal Varian, “Beyond Big Data,” lecture, National Association of Business Economists, San Francisco, September 10, 2013.
2. Ngai-yin Chan and Chi-chung Choy, “Screening for Atrial Fibrillation in 13,122 Hong Kong Citizens with Smartphone Electrocardiogram,” BMJ 103, no. 1 (January 2017), http://heart.bmj.com/content/103/1/24; Sarah Buhr, “Apple’s Watch Can Detect an Abnormal Heart Rhythm with 97% Accuracy, UCSF Study Says,” Techcrunch, May 11, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/05/11/ apples-watchcan-detect-an-abnormal-heart-rhythm-with-97-accuracy-ucsf-study-says/; AliveCor, “AliveCor and Mayo Clinic Announce Collaboration to Identify Hidden Health Signals in Humans,” Cision PR newswire, October 24, 2016, http://www.prnews wire.com/news-releases/alivecor-and-mayo-clinic-announce-collaboration-to-identify-hidden-health-signals-in-humans-300349847.html.
3. Buhr, “Apple’s Watch Can Detect an Abnormal Heart Rhythm with 97% Accuracy, UCSF Study Says”; and Avesh Singh, “Applying Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Our Early Results,” Cardiogram (blog), May 11, https://blog.cardiogr.am/applying-artificial-intelligence-in-medicine-our-early-results-78bfe7605d32.
4. 我们不知道Cardiogram是否会成功。不过我们有信心，智能型手机及其他传感器未来将用于医疗诊断。
5. 就这类研究来说，6000个人的数据从数量来看相对较少，这也是这项研究只列为「开端」的主要原因。这个数据对Cardiogram的初步目标已经足够，因为是要展示概念验证的初步研究，不会有生命危险。如果要让结果能在临床上应用，可能需要更多数据。
6. Dave Heiner, “Competition Authorities and Search,” Microsoft Technet (blog), February 26, 2010, https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/microsoft_on_the_issues/2010/02/26/competition-authorities-and-search/. Google主张Bing够大，就足以获得搜寻的规模优势。
