1. 史蒂文．利维（Steven Levy）口述，请参考Will Smith, “Stop Calling Google Cardboard’s 360-Degree Videos ‘VR,’ ” Wired, November 16, 2015, https://www.wired.com/2015/11/360-video-isnt-virtual-reality/.
2. Jessir Hempel, “Inside Microsoft’s AI Comeback,” Wired, June 21, 2017, https://www.wired.com/story/inside-microsofts-ai-comeback/.
3. “What Does It Mean for Google to Become an ‘AI-First’ (Quoting Sundar) Company·” Quora, April 2016, https://www.quora.com/What-does-it-mean-for-Google-to-become-an-AI-first-company.
4. Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator’s Dilemma (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2016).
5. 更多破坏性两难的讨论，请见Joshua S. Gans, The Disruption Dilemma (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016).
6. Nathan Rosenberg, “Learning by Using: Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics,” paper, University of Illinois at Champaign- Urbana, 1982, 120–140.
7. 以电玩游戏来说，因为目标（尽量得到最高分）和预测紧密相关（这个行动会增加分数还是减少分数），自动化流程不需要另外判断。判断是简单确认目标，也就是得到最多分数。教机器玩沙盒式游戏（sandbox game），如「当个创世神」（Minecraft），或寻宝游戏如「精灵宝可梦」（Pokemon Go），就需要更多判断，因为不同的人享受游戏的乐趣不同，所以不清楚目标究竟是什么。
8. Chesley “Sully” Sullenberger quoted in Katy Couric, “Capt. Sully Worried about Airline Industry,” CBS News, February 10, 2009; https://www.cbsnews.com/news/capt-sully-worried-about-airline-industry/.
9. Mark Harris, “Tesla Drivers Are Paying Big Bucks to Test Flawed Self-Driving Software,” Wired, March 4, 2017, https://backchannel.com/tesla-drivers-are-guinea-pigs-for-flawed-self-driving-software-c2cc80b483a#.s0u7lsv4f.
10. Nikolai Yakovenko, “GANS Will Change the World,” Medium, January 3, 2017, https://medium.com/@Moscow25/gans-will-change-the-world-7ed6ae8515ca; Sebastian Anthony, “Google Teaches ‘AIs’ to Invent Their Own Crypto and Avoid Eavesdropping,” Ars Technica, October 28, 2016, https://arstechnica.com/information- technology/2016/10/google-ai-neural-network-cryptography/.
11. Apple, “Privacy,” https://www.apple.com/ca/privacy/.
12. 同上。
13. 这种赌注之所以可能出现，是因为在隐私保护的数据分析科技上有所进展，特别是辛西亚．德沃克（Cynthia Dwork）发明的差分隐私（differential privacy）：Cynthia Dwork, “Differential Privacy: A Survey of Results,” in M. Agrawal, D. Du, Z. Duan, and A. Li (eds), Theory and Applications of Models of Computation. TAMC 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4978 (Berlin: Springer, 2008), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79228-4_1.
14. William Langewiesche, “The Human Factor,” Vanity Fair, October 2014, http://www.vanityfair.com/news/business/2014/10/air-france-flight-447-crash.
15. Tim Harford, “How Computers Are Setting Us Up for Disaster,” The Guardian, October 11, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/11/crash-how-computers-are-setting-us-up-disaster.
