1.··S&P 1500是标准普尔公司编纂的一群公司，约占美国股市总值的90％。
2.··强．裴迪创立的强裴迪研究公司（Jon Peddie Research）是技术导向营销与管理顾问公司，专业于制图及多媒体。
3.··Frederick Kempe, “Davos Special Edition: China Seizing AI Lead·,” Atlantic Council, January 26, 2019, www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/inflection-points/davos-special-edition-china-seizing-ai-lead.
4.··David Trainer, “Perverse Incentives Produce Deals That Shred Shareholder Value,” Forbes, May 2, 2016, www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2016/05/02/perverse-incentives-produce-deals-that-shred-shareholder-value.
5.··F. Homberg, K. Rost, and M. Osterloh, “Do Synergies Exist in Related Acquisitions· A Meta-analysis of Acquisition Studies,” Review of Managerial Science 3, no. 2 (2009): 100.
6.··Colin Camerer and Dan Lovallo, “Overconfidence and Excess Entry: An Experimental Approach,” American Economic Review 89, no. 1 (1999): 306–318.
7.··D. Fisher, “Accounting Tricks Catch Up with GE,” Forbes, November 22, 2019.
8.··J. R. Graham, C. R. Harvey, and S. Rajgopal, “The Economic Implications of Corporate Financial Reporting,” Journal of Accounting and Economics 40 (2005): 3–73.
9.··Ilia Dichev et al., “The Misrepresentation of Earnings,” Financial Analysts Journal 72, no. 1 (2016): 22–35.
10.·Justin Fox, “Learn to Play the Earnings Game (and Wall Street Will Love You),” CNN Money, March 31, 1997.
11.·Changling Chen, Jeong-Bon Kim, and Li Yao, “Earnings Smoothing: Does It Exacerbate or Constrain Stock Price Crash Risk·,” Journal of Corporate Finance 42 (2017): 36–54. 在这项研究中，「崩跌」的衡量方法是股价下跌三个标准偏差的数字减去股价上升三个标准偏差的数字。
12.·John McInnis, “Earnings Smoothness, Average Returns, and Implied Cost of Equity Capital,” Accounting Review 85, no. 1 (2010): 315–341.
