1.··严格来说，布莱德利面对的是一个像买入选择权（call option）那样的凸性报酬（convex payoff），因此他受益于风险的增加，而非风险的减少。
2.··艾伦．札康对四象限的原始定义模拟于理财工具：储蓄、债券、抵押权、疑问。冯麦克创造了「金牛」这标签，后来，这矩阵被公开时，此标签引发了一些恼怒。
3.··Joseph L. Bower and Clayton M. Christensen, “Disruptive Technologies: Catching the Wave,” Harvard Business Review ( January–February 1995): 43.
4.··Jill Lepore, “What the Gospel of Innovation Gets Wrong,” New Yorker, June 16, 2014, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/06/23/the-disruption-machine.
5.··Mitsuru Igami, “Estimating the Innovator’s Dilemma: Structural Analysis of Creative Destruction in the Hard Disk Drive Industry, 1981–1998,” Journal of Political Economy 125, no. 3 (2017): 48.
6.··Josh Lerner, “An Empirical Exploration of a Technology Race,” Rand Journal of Economics (1997): 228–247.
