1.··Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: HarperPerennial, 1990), 107.
2.··Anton R. Valukas, “Report to Board of Directors of General Motors Company Regarding Ignition Switch Recalls,” Jenner & Block, May 29, 2014, 252, 253.
3.··James Surowiecki, “Where Nokia Went Wrong,” New Yorker. September 3, 2013, www.newyorker.com/business/currency/where-nokia-went-wrong.
4.··Yves Doz and Keeley Wilson, Ringtone: Exploring the Rise and Fall of Nokia in Mobile Phones (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).
5.··Juha-Antti Lamberg et al., “The Curse of Agility: Nokia Corporation and the Loss of Market Dominance, 2003–2013,” Industry Studies Conference, 2016.
6.··Timo O. Vuori and Quy N. Huy, “Distributed Attention and Shared Emotions in the Innovation Process: How Nokia Lost the Smartphone Battle,” Administrative Science Quarterly 61, no. 1 (2016): 22.
7.··Vuori and Huy, op. cit., 24.
8.··Daniel Quinn Mills and G. Bruce Friesen, Broken Promises: An Unconventional View of What Went Wrong at IBM (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996), 43, 45.
9.··Paul Carroll, Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM (New York: Crown, 1994), 24.
10.·Lynda M. Applegate, Robert Austin, and Elizabeth Collins, “IBM’s Decade of Transformation: Turnaround to Growth” (Harvard Business School Case 9-805-130, 2009).
11.·Lou Gerstner, “The Customer Drives Everything,” Maclean’s, December 16, 2002, https://archive.macleans.ca/article/2002/12/16/the-customer-drives-everything.
12.·Louis V. Gerstner, Who Says Elephants Can’t Dance· Inside IBM’s Historic Turnaround (New York: HarperInformation, 2002), 187.
13.·Applegate, Austin, and Collins, “IBM’s Decade of Transformation,” 6.
