1 ?Voltaire, Candide: Or, Optimism , trans. John Butt (Penguin, 1947), 20.
2 ?Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man, and the Origin of Evil , trans. E. M. Huggard (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1951), 128. 正如一位哲学家和莱布尼茨的传记作者所写,“这个现实世界的所有邪恶在逻辑上都是必要的，以便为所有可能世界中最好的世界带来更大的利益”。Maria Rosa Anto gnazza, Leibniz: An Intellectual Biography (Cambridge University Press,2009), 486.
3 ?Voltaire, Candide , 20, 23.
4 ?Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century , trans. Arthur Gold hammer(Belknap Press, 2014), 341.
5 ?Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , trans.TalcottParsons (Unwin, 1985).
6 ?Piketty, Capital , 349.
7 ?Sidney Fine, Laissez Faire and the General-Welfare State (University of Michigan Press, 1956), 38.
8 ?Sumner引用Richard Hofstadter的话, Social Darwinism in American Thought , rev. ed. (Beacon Press, 1955), 58. See also Fine, Laissez Faire ,84-85.
9 ?Hofstadter, Social Darwinism , 5. 例如，钢铁巨头Andrew Carnegie认为自己是Spencer的追随者。Fine, Laissez Faire , 42.
10 ?Facundo Alvaredo et al., The World Wealth and Income Database,“United States, Top 1% Income Share,” http://www.wid.world; Caroline Freund and Sarah Oliver, “The Origins of the Superrich: The Billionaire Characteristics Database” (Peterson Institute for International Economics working paper 16-1, Feb. 2016), fi g. 1.
11 ?“$3M Party Fit for Buyout King,”New York Post , Feb. 14, 2007; Ale xandra Stevenson and Julie Creswell, “Bill Ackman and His Hedge Fund,Betting Big,”New York Times , Oct. 25, 2014.
12 ?与 1971—1973 年相比，2011—2013 年美国中等家庭的实际收入高 8个百分点。美国人口普查局，历史家庭收入表：表H-5：1967—2013年西班牙裔家庭平均收入和中位数收入。同一时期，劳动力中25~54 岁的人口占比从 72.4%增长至 81.3%。Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, FRED Economic Data, “Civilian Labor Force Participation Rate: 25 to 54 Years” (seasonally adjusted). Median income for men:Matt O’Brien, “A Stunning Stat About Pay Seems Impossible but Actually Is True,” Wonkblog (blog), Washington Post , Sept. 22, 2015.
13 ?Elliot Blair Smith and Phil Kuntz, “CEO Pay 1,795-to-1 Multiple of Wages Skirts U.S. Law,” Bloomberg, April 30, 2013; Carmen De Navas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor, Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 (U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-249,Sept. 2014), fi g. 4.
14 ?G. Warren Nutter, “On Economism,” Journal of Law and Economics 22,no. 2 (Oct. 1979): 263–68; John Braithwaite, “The Limits of Econo mism in Controlling Harmful Corporate Conduct,” Law and Society Review 16, no. 3 (1981): 481–504; Richard K. Ashley, “Three Modes of Economism,”International Studies Quarterly 27 (1983): 463–96; Teivo Teivainen, Enter Economism, Exit Politics: Experts, Economic Policy, and the Damage to Democracy (Zed Books, 2002), 1–5; Des Gasper,The Ethics of Development: From Economism to Human Development (Edinburgh University Press, 2004), 80–81; Jonathan Wolff and Dirk Haubrich, “Economism and Its Limits,” in The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy, ed. Michael Moran, Martin Rein, and Robert E. Goodin(Oxford University Press, 2006); Howard Brody, The Golden Calf: Economism and American Policy (CreateSpace, 2011).
15 ?Wanniski: Jude Wanniski, The Way the World Works, 4th ed. (Regn ery, 1998), 89. Reagan: Jerold L. Waltman, The Politics of the Minimum Wage (University of Illinois Press, 2000), 44. Mankiw: N. Gregory Mankiw, “I Can Afford Higher Taxes. But They’ll Make Me Work Less,”New York Times , Oct. 9, 2010. Ryan: John McCormack, “Paul Ryan: More Important to Cut Top Tax Rate Than Expand Child Tax Credit,”Weekly Standard , Aug. 20, 2014.
16 ?Noah Smith, “101ism,”Noahpinion (blog), Jan. 21, 2016.
17 ?Paul A. Samuelson, Economics (McGraw-Hill, 1948), 36.
18 ?Michael M. Weinstein, “Paul A. Samuelson, Economist, Dies at 94,” New York Times , Dec.13, 2009. 首次在 1948 年出版的萨缪尔森的教科书在20 世纪 70 年代以前都是市场领导者。
19 ?虽然介绍性的教科书包含了垄断和寡头的章节，但是这些章节太形式化了，所以很容易被遗忘，竞争性市场就会好很多。
20 ?Max Weber, “The Social Psychology of the World Religions,” in From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, ed. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills(Routledge, 1991), 271.
21 ?William J. Baumol & Alan S. Blinder, Economics: Principles and Policy , 12th ed. (South-Western Cengage Learning, 2012), 5.
22 ?实际上，马克思从未写过这样的内容。《共产党宣言》总结道：“无产者在这个革命中失去的只是锁链。他们获得的将是整个世界。全世界无产者，联合起来！”Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C.Tucker, 2nd ed. (W. W. Norton, 1978), 500.
23 ?N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 5th ed. (South-Western Cengage Learning, 2008), 150.
24 ?Henry Hazlitt, Economics in One Lesson (Pocket Books, 1952), 181–82.
25 ?Bork: Sidney Blumenthal, The Rise of the Counter-establishment: From Conservative Ideology to Political Power (Times Books, 1986), 303.Hensarling: Joseph Guinto, “Jeb Hensarling: The GOP’s Most Powerful Nobody,”D Magazine, Nov. 2009. Carender: Michael Grabell, Money Well Spent? The Truth Behind the Trillion-Dollar Stimulus, the Biggest Economic Recovery Plan in History (PublicAffairs, 2012), 84.
26 ?关于新古典经济学的缺点详见：Julie A. Nelson, “Poisoning the Well,or How Economic Theory Damages Moral Imagination,” in The Oxford Handbook of Professional Economic Ethics , ed. George DeMartino &Deirdre McCloskey (Oxford University Press, 2016)。
27 ?Matthew Yglesias, “Sorry, Conservatives—Basic Economics Has a Liberal Bias,”MoneyBox (blog), Slate, Feb. 4, 2014.
28 ?Dani Rodrik, Economics Rules:The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science (W. W. Norton, 2015), 170.
29 ?Mark Thoma, “Yes, Nick Kristof, There Is a Conservative Bias in Economics,”Fiscal Times , May 31, 2016.
30 ?Justin Fox, “How Economics Went from Theory to Data,”Bloomberg ,Jan. 6, 2016.
31 ?John Komlos, What Every Economics Student Needs to Know and Doesn’t Get in the Usual Principles Text (M. E. Sharpe, 2014), 10–11; Noah Smith, “Most of What You Learned in Econ 101 Is Wrong,” Bloomberg,Nov. 24, 2015.
32 ?Rodrik, Economics Rules , 174.
