1 ?Milton Friedman, “Leonard Woodcock’s Free Lunch,”Newsweek ,April 21, 1975.
2 ?Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, “National Health Expen ditures 2014 Highlights”; OECD, “OECD Health Statistics 2015—Fre quently Requested Data.”
3 ?Karen Davis et al., “Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: How the Performance of the U.S. Health Care System Compares Internationally, 2014 Update,”Commonwealth Fund, June 2014, 7–9; OECD, “OECD Health Statistics 2015.” The Commonwealth Fund’s overall outcomes metric includes“mortality amenable to medical care, infant mortality, and healthy life expectancy at age 60.”
4 ?Raj Chetty et al., “The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014,”Journal of the American Medical Association , April 26, 2016, 1750–66.
5 ?Mises, Bureaucrac y, 21.
6 ?John F. Cogan, R. Glenn Hubbard, and Daniel P. Kessler, “Healthy,Wealthy, and Wise,”Wall Street Journal , May 4, 2004.
7 ?Stuart M. Butler, “Why Conservatives Need a National Health Plan”(Heritage Lecture 442 on Political Thought, March 22, 1993);信诺的CEO引自Wendell Potter，Deadly Spin: An Insurance Company Insider Speaks Out on How Corporate PR Is Killing Health Care and Deceiving Americans (Bloomsbury Press, 2010), 110。
8 ?引自Potter, Deadly Spin , 127。
9 ?White House National Economic Council, Reforming Health Care for the 21st Century , Feb. 2006, 4. 马修斯引自 Julie Rovner, “Bush Makes Push for Health Care Savings Plans,” NPR, Feb. 1, 2006。
10 ?Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Research & Educational Trust, Em ployer Health Benefits : 2015 Annual Survey (Kaiser Family Foundation and Health Research & Educational Trust, 2015), 79, 126.
11 ?Nina Owcharenko and Robert E. Moffit, “The Massachusetts Health Plan: Lessons for the States” (Heritage Foundation Backgrounder 1953,July 18, 2006); Robert E. Moffit, “State-Based Health Reform: A Comparison of Health Insurance Exchanges and the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program” (Heritage Foundation WebMemo 1515,June 20, 2007).
12 ?Edmund F. Haislmaier et al., “A Fresh Start for Health Care Reform”(Heritage Foundation Backgrounder 2970, Oct. 30, 2014); Merrill Mat thews, “Ten Principles of a Market-Oriented Health Care System,”Human Events , Jan. 27, 2014; Lanhee J. Chen and James C. Capretta,“Instead of ObamaCare: Giving Health-Care Power to the People,”Wall Street Journal , Jan. 22, 2016.
13 ?House Committee on the Budget, Path to Prosperity, 47；同样可见于Congressional Budget Office, “An Analysis of the Roadmap for Ameri ca’s Future Act of 2010” (letter to Paul Ryan), Jan. 27, 2010。
14 ?David Goldhill and Paul Howard, “An ObamaCare-Inspired Rebellion,”Wall Street Journal , July 2, 2015; Sally C. Pipes, “Medicare at 50: Hello,Mid-Life Crisis,”Wall Street Journal , July 30, 2015. 同样可见于Scott W. Atlas and John F. Cogan, “Two Essential Tools for Repairing the Obama Care Damage,” Wall Street Journal , Sept. 2, 2015。
15 ?Marco Rubio for President, “It’s Time to Repeal and Replace Obama Care,” https://marcorubio.com/issues/repeal-obamacare-and-replace it-with-this/; Contract from America, http://contractfromamerica.org;Rick Santorum, “A Flat Tax Is the Best Path to Prosperity,” Wall Street Journal , Oct. 12, 2015; Trump, Time to Get Tough , 131; Donald J. Trump for President, “Healthcare Reform to Make America Great Again,”https://www. donaldjtrump.com/positions/healthcare-reform.
16 ?Kenneth J. Arrow, “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care,”American Economic Review 53, no. 5 (Dec. 1963): 948–51.
17 ?Uwe E. Reinhardt, “Rethinking the Gruber Controversy: Americans Aren’t Stupid, but They’re Often Ignorant—and Why,” Health Affairs Blog , Dec. 29, 2014.
18 ?有关医疗保健市场理论特点的更多讨论，请参阅Timothy Stoltzfus Jost, Health Care at Risk: A Critique of the Consumer-Driven Movement (Duke University Press, 2007), 96–108。
19 ?RAND Health, “The Health Insurance Experiment: A Classic RAND Study Speaks to the Current Health Care Reform Debate” (RAND Health Research Highlights, 2006), 3; Jost, Health Care at Risk , 130; Zarek C.Brot-Goldberg et al., “What Does a Deductible Do? The Impact of Cost Sharing on Health Care Prices, Quantities, and Spending Dynamics” (National Bureau of Economic Research working paper 21632, Oct. 2015).
20 ?引自Robert Pear, “Harvard Ideas on Health Care Hit Home, Hard,”New York Times , Jan. 5, 2015.
21 ?Jost, Health Care at Risk , 130; Peter J. Huckfeldt et al., “Patient Responses to Incentives in Consumer-Directed Health Plans: Evidence from Pharmaceuticals” (National Bureau of Economic Research working paper 20927, Feb. 2015).
22 ?Aaron E. Carroll, “People with Chronic Illness Fare Worse Under Cost-Sharing,”The Upshot (blog), New York Times , May 19, 2014;Amitabh Chandra, Jonathan Gruber, and Robin McKnight, “Patient Cost-Sharing and Hospitalization Offsets in the Elderly,” American Economic Review 100, no. 1 (March 2010): 193–213.
23 ?Asher Schechter, “There Is Regulatory Capture, but It Is by No Means Complete,”Pro-Market (blog), Stigler Center at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, March 15, 2016.
24 ?Arrow, “Uncertainty and Welfare Economics,” 945.
25 ?Ibid., 963–64.
26 ?John Nyman, “Is ‘Moral Hazard’ Ineffi cient? The Policy Implications of a New Theory,”Health Affairs 23, no. 5 (Sept.–Oct. 2004), 199.
27 ?Kaiser Family Foundation, “Summary of the Affordable Care Act,”April 23, 2013.
28 ?Liz Hamel et al., The Burden of Medical Debt: Results from the Kaiser Family Foundation/New York Times Medical Bills Survey , Kaiser Family Foundation, Jan. 2016.
29 ?Pear, “Harvard Ideas on Health Care.”
30 ?Jacob S. Hacker, The Great Risk Shift: The New Economic Insecurity and the Decline of the American Dream (Oxford University Press, 2008), 142.
31 ?Commonwealth Fund, International Profiles of Health Care Sys tems , 2014 (Commonwealth Fund, Jan. 2015).
32 ?Daniel Callahan and Angela A. Wasunna, Medicine and the Market: Equity v. Choice (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 90.
33 ?Friedman and Friedman, Free to Choose , 106.
34 ?OECD, Health at a Glance 2015: OECD Indicators (OECD, 2015), 171 and tables 1.1, 1.3, 1.5.
35 ?See Frank Pasquale, “The Hidden Costs of Health Care Cost-Cutting:Toward a Postneoliberal Health-Reform Agenda,” Law and Contemporary Problems 77, no. 4 (2014): 174.
36 ?Hayek, Constitution of Liberty , 424.
37 ?引自Callahan and Wasunna, Medicine and the Market , 210–11。
38 ?Thomas Rice, “Can Markets Give Us the Health System We Want?,”Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 22, no. 2 (April 1997):422–23.
39 ?See Robert G. Evans, “Going for the Gold: The Redistributive Agenda Behind Market-Based Health Care Reform,”Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 22, no. 3 (April 1997): 447.
40 ?Reinhardt, “Rethinking the Gruber Controversy.”
41 ?Daniel A. Austin, “Medical Debt as a Cause of Bankruptcy,” Maine Law Review 67, no. 1 (2014): 1–23.
42 ?Lucien Febvre, The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rabelais , trans. Beatrice Gottlieb (Harvard University Press, 1985).
