[8] 这里用劳均产出或全要素生产率来测算生产率。
[9] Richard R. Nelson and Edmund S. Phelps,“Investment in Humans, Technological Diffusion and Economic Growth,” American Economics Review 56, no. 1（1966）:69 -75.
[10] Aghion, Blundell, Griffith, Howitt, and Prantl, “The Effects of Entry on Incumbent Innovation and Productivity.”
[11] Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timothee Gigout, Matthieu Lequien, and Marc Melitz,“Spreading Knowledge across the World: Innovation Spillover through Trade Expansion,” unpublished manuscript, March 2019, https: // scholar. harvard. edu/ files/ aghion/ files/ spreading_knowledge_across_the_world. pdf.
[12] Aghion, Bloom, Blundell, Griffith, and Howitt,“Competition and Innovation.”
[13] 这意味着在增长模型里，创新会增加产品的类型。See, for example, Paul M. Romer,“Endogenous Technological Change,” Journal of Political Economy 98, no. 5, pt. 2（1990）:71 -102.
[14] See, for example, Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine, Against Intellectual Monopoly （Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008）; Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine,“Perfectly Competitive Innovation,” Journal of Monetary Economics 55, no. 3（2008）:435 -453; Michele Boldrin and David K. Levine,“The Caseagainst Patents,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 1（2013）:3 -22.
[15] Philippe Aghion, Peter Howitt, and Susanne Prantl, “Patent Rights, Product Market Reforms, and Innovation,” Journal of Economic Growth 20, no. 3（2015）:223 -262.
[16] Thomas Philippon, The Great Reversal : How America Gave Up on Free Markets（Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019）.
[17] Matilde Bombardini,“Firm Heterogeneity and Lobby Participation,” Journal of International Economics 75, no. 2（2008）:329 -348; Matilde Bombardini and Francesco Trebbi,“Empirical Models of Lobbying,” Annual Review of Economics 12, no. 1（2020）:391 -413; Marianne Bertrand, Matilde Bombardini, and Francesco Trebbi,“Is It Whom You Know or What You Know? An Empirical Assessment of the Lobbying Process,” American Economic Review 104, no. 12（2014）:3885 -3920.
[18] David Autor, David Dorn, Lawrence F. Katz, Christina Patterson, and John Van Reenen,“The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms,”Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 2（2020）:645 -709.
[19] Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timo Boppart, Peter J. Klenow, and Huiyu Li,“A Theory of Falling Growth and Rising Rents” （NBER Working Paper No. 26448, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, November 2019）.
[20] See, for instance, Friedrich List, Das nationale System der politischen ?konomie（Stuttgart: J. G. Cotta, 1841）.
[21] Anne O. Krueger, Political Economy of Policy Reform in Developing Countries（Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993）; Anne O. Krueger,“Policy Lessons from Development Experience since the Second World War,” in Handbook of Development Economics, ed. Jere Behrman and T. N. Srinivasan, vol. 3B, 2497 -2550（Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995）.
[22] See, for example, Daron Acemoglu, Philippe Aghion, and Fabrizio Zilibotti,“Distanceto Frontier, Selection, and Economic Growth,” Journal of the European Economic Association 4, no. 1（2006）; Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt,“Appropriate Growth Policy: A Unifying Framework”（Joseph Schumpeter Lecture）,Journal of the European Economic Association 4, no. 2 -3（2006）:269 -314.
[23] Jean-Jacques Laffont and Jean Tirole, A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation （Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993）.
[24] Philippe Aghion, Antoine Dechezleprêtre, David Hemous, Ralf Martin, and John Van Reenen,“Carbon Taxes, Path Dependency, and Directed Technical Change: Evidence from the Auto Industry,” Journal of Political Economy 124,no. 1（2016）:1 -51.
[25] Patrick Bolton and Joseph Farrell,“Decentralization, Duplication, and Delay,”Journal of Political Economy 98, no. 4（1990）:803 -826; Rafael Rob,“Learning and Capacity Expansion under Demand Uncertainty,” Review of Economic Studies 58, no. 4（1991）:655 -675.
[26] See Pierre Azoulay, Erica Fuchs, Anna Goldstein, and Michael Kearney,“Funding Breakthrough Research: Promises and Challenges of the ‘ ARPA Model,’” Innovation Policy and the Economy 19（2019）:69 -96.
[27] Nathan Nunn and Daniel Trefler,“The Structure of Tariffs and Long-Term Growth,”American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, no. 4（2010）:158 -194.
[28] Philippe Aghion, Jing Cai, Mathias Dewatripont, Luosha Du, Ann Harrison,and Patrick Legros,“Industrial Policy and Competition,” American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics 7, no. 4（2015）:1 -32.
[29] Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Timo Boppart, and Simon Bunel, “Firm Dynamics and Growth Measurement in France,” Journal of the European Economic Association 16, no. 4（2018）:933 -956.
[30] See Philippe Aghion, Thibault Fally, and Stefano Scarpetta,“Credit Constraints as a Barrier to the Entry and Post-Entry Growth of Firms,” Economic Policy 22,no. 52（2007）:732 -779; Philippe Aghion, John Van Reenen, and Luigi Zingales,“Innovation and Institutional Ownership,” American Economic Review 103, no. 1（2013）:277 -304.
[31] Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, and John Van Reenen,“The Impact of Regulation on Innovation,” unpublished manuscript, December 2019, https: //www. college-de-france. fr/ media/ en-philippe-aghion/ UPL9083408753564555677_The_Impact_of_Regulation_on_Innovation. pdf.
[32] Daron Acemoglu, Ufuk Akcigit, Harun Alp, Nicholas Bloom, and William Kerr,“Innovation, Reallocation, and Growth,” American Economic Review 108,no. 11（2018）:3450 -3491.
[33] Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud, Gilbert Cette, Remy Lecat, and Hélène Maghin,“The Inverted-U Relationship between Credit Access and Productivity Growth”（Coase Lecture）, Economica 86（2019）:1 -31.
[34] 关于竞争政策与产业政策、乃至其他与竞争政策有关内容的相互关系，建议参考Emmanuel Combe, Economie et Politique de la Concurrence （Paris:Dalloz, 2005）.另外可参考近期有关竞争政策的另一本著作Richard J.Gilbert, Innovation Matters : Competition Policy for the High-Technology Economy（Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020）.
