[15] Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt, The Economics of Growth （Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 2008）.
[16] Acemoglu,“Why Do New Technologies Complement Skills?”
[17] See, for example, David Popp,“Induced Innovation and Energy Prices,” American Economic Review 92, no. 1（2002）:160 -180; Philippe Aghion, Antoine Dechezleprêtre, David Hémous, Ralf Martin, and John Van Reenen,“Carbon Taxes, Path Dependency, and Directed Technical Change: Evidence from the Auto Industry,” Journal of Political Economy 124, no. 1（2016）:1 -51.
[18] 本节内容基于如下研究: Timo Boppart and Franziska J. Weiss,“Non-Homothetic Preferences and Industry Directed Technical Change,” unpublished manuscript,June 2013; Acemoglu and Restrepo,“The Race between Man and Machine.”
[19] Philippe Aghion, Benjamin F. Jones, and Charles I. Jones,“Artificial Intelligence and Economic Growth,” in The Economics of Artificial Intelligence : An Agenda,ed. Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb（Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019）.
[20] Joseph Stiglitz,“From Resource Curse to Blessing,” Project Syndicate, August 6,2012.
[21] 2010年美元价值。
[22] 我们这里采用阿西莫格鲁和罗宾逊的术语，参见Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail : The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty（New York: Crown, 2012）,529.他们指出，包容性制度（inclusive institutions）鼓励创业和创新，而攫取性制度（extractive institutions）打击创新和私人企业，对产权保护不力，教育体系缺乏效率。
[23] Friedrich List, Das nationale System der politischen ?konomie （Stuttgart: Cotta,1841）.
[24] 需要注意，李斯特主张的是暂时而非永久性的保护主义。一旦本国企业成熟到足以面对外国竞争，就应该对自由贸易开放。李斯特认为，自由贸易只有在经济成熟度相似的国家之间才是可接受的。
[25] Tianyu Fan, Michael Peters, and Fabrizio Zilibotti, “Service-Led or Service Biased Growth? Equilibrium Development Accounting across Indian Districts,”unpublished manuscript, August 2020.
[26] Dani Rodrik,“Normalizing Industrial Policy,” Working Paper no. 3, Commissionon Growth and Development, 2008.
