[15] Ufuk Akcigit, Emin Dinlersoz, Jeremy Greenwood, and Veronika Penciakova,“Synergizing Ventures” (NBER Working Paper No. 26196, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, August 2019).
[16] 创新的测量指标是企业获得第一项专利之后的3年内,其专利被引用的总次数。
[17] 创新活动的测算指标是专利的数量结合质量(以专利被引用的次数计算)。
[18] Ghizlane Kettani,“Capital-risque, innovation et croissance” (Ph. D. diss. ,Université Paris-Dauphine, 2011).
[19] 机构投资者是指筹集储蓄资金,并代表自身或客户把资金投资于市场的组织。机构投资者包含3种类型:养老基金,在养老金由资本化资金支持的国家(如美国和英国)负责管理退休储蓄;投资基金;保险公司。
[20] Philippe Aghion, John Van Reenen, and Luigi Zingales,“Innovation and Institutional Ownership,” American Economic Review 103, no. 1(2013):277 -304.
[21] 研发密度的测算办法是考虑专利质量权重后的专利数量。
[22] 这一“职业发展”理论来自: Bengt Holmstr?m,“Managerial Incentive Problems: A Dynamic Perspective,” Review of Economic Studies 66, no. 1(1999):169 -182.
[23] 我们的隐含假设是,市场知道项目的创新程度如何,创新项目成功给经理人带来的声誉提升幅度比传统项目成功更大。
[24] Aghion, Van Reenen, and Zingales,“Innovation and Institutional Ownership.”
[25] 竞争力度以垄断租金的相对值来测算。
[26] 世界银行数据。
[27] 法国的数据来自France Invest;美国的数据来自Prequin。
[28] 与税收抵扣不同,免税额度影响的不是应税收入,而是实际纳税额。它直接从纳税额中扣除,如果免税额度超出应缴税额,甚至可能导致退款。
[29] Antoine Dechezleprêtre, Elias Eini?, Ralf Martin, Kieu-Trang Nguyen, and John Van Reenen,“Do Tax Incentives for Research Increase Firm Innovation?An RD Design for R&D”(NBER Working Paper No. 22405, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, July 2016).
[30] Ufuk Akcigit and William R. Kerr,“Growth through Heterogeneous Innovations,”Journal of Political Economy 126, no. 4(2018):1374 -1443.
[31] 关于研发活动的隐含税收补贴率,来自OECD的测算。
[32] 企业规模可以由雇员人数、资产金额或销售额来测算。
[33] Thomas Philippon,“Has the US Finance Industry Become Less Efficient? On the Theory and Measurement of Financial Intermediation,” American Economic Review 105, no. 4(2015):1408 -1438.
[34] Philippe Aghion and Jeremy C. Stein,“Growth vs. Margins: Destabilizing Consequences of Giving the Stock Market What It Wants,” Journal of Finance 63, no. 3(2008):1025 -1058.