[20] 关于价值链的讨论，建议参考如下文献: P. Antràs,“Conceptual Aspects of Global Value Chains,” World Bank Economic Review 34, no. 3（2020）:551 -574; P. Antràs and D. Chor,“Organizing the Global Value Chain,” Econometrica 81, no. 6（2013）:2127 -2204; and P. Antràs, D. Chor, T. Fally, and R. Hillberry,“Measuringthe Upstreamness of Production and Trade Flows,”American Economic Review 102, no. 3（2012）:412 -416.
[21] 关于移民与创新的关系，一本不可或缺的参考著作是: William Kerr, The Gift of Global Talent : How Migration Shapes Business, Economy and Society（Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018）.
[22] Costas Arkolakis, Michael Peters, and Sun Kyoung Lee,“European Immigrants and the United States' Rise to the Technological Frontier,”2019 Meeting Paper No. 1420, Society for Economic Dynamics, 2019.
[23] S. Bernstein, R. Diamond, T. McQuade, and B. Pousada,“The Contribution of High-Skilled Immigrants to Innovation in the United States,” Working Paper no. 3748, Stanford Graduate School of Business, November 6,2018.
[24] 这一思想启发的研究成果包括P. Azoulay, J. S. Graff Zivin, and J. Wang, “Superstar Extinction,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 125, no. 2（2010）:549 -589; and X. Jaravel, N. Petkova, and A. Bell,“Team-Specific Capital and Innovation,” American Economic Review 108, no. 4 -5（2018）:1034 -1073.
[25] D. Bahar, P. Choudhury, and H. Rapoport, “Migrant Inventors and the Technological Advantage of Nations,” Research Policy 49, no. 9（2020）.另外建议读者查阅该论文附录的参考文献。
[26] 类似的研究[如George Borjas and Kirk Doran,“The Collapse of the Soviet Unionand the Productivity of American Mathematicians,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 127, no. 3（2012）:1143 -1203]表明:苏联解体后的俄罗斯数学家移民对美国的新知识生产带来了积极效应。
[27] A. Alesina, J. Harnoss, and H. Rapoport, “Birthplace Diversity and Economic Prosperity,” Journal of Economic Growth 21, no. 2（2016）:101 -138.请注意，作者没有直接研究多样性对东道国专利数量和质量的影响。
[28] Kerr, The Gift of Global Talent.
[29] See P. E. Stephan and S. G. Levin,“Exceptional Contributions to US Science by the Foreign-Born and Foreign-Educated,” Population Research and Policy Review 20, no. 1 -2（2001）:59 -79.
[30] See P. Aghion and A. Roulet, Repenser l'?tat （Paris: Seuil, in collaboration with La République des idées, 2011）.
[31] X. Jaravel and E. Sager,“What Are the Price Effects of Trade? Evidence from the U. S. and Implications for Quantitative Trade Models,” Finance and Economics Discussion Series, no. 2019 -068, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, August 2019.
