[4] J. V. Grauman,“Orders of Magnitude of the World's Urban Population in History,”Population Bulletin of the United Nations 8（1976）:16 -33.
[5] William Petty,“Political Arithmetick”（1676; pub. London, 1690）, in The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty, 2 vols. , ed. Charles H. Hull（Cambridge: The University Press, 1899）, vol. 1,233 -313; Gregory King,“Natural and Political Observations and Conclusions upon the State and Condition of England”（1696）, in Two Tracts by Gregory King, ed. George E. Barnett（Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1936）.
[6] 读者可以参考魁奈的《经济表》: Fran?ois Quesnay, ?uvres économiques complètes et autres textes, ed. C. Théré, L. Charles, and J. C. Perrot, 2 vols. （Paris: Institut national d'études démographiques, 2005）.对国民账户历史由来的深入介绍，可参阅Alfred Sauvy,“Historique de la comptabilité nationale,” Economie et statistique 14, no. 1（1970）:19 -32.
[7] Simon Kuznets,“National Income, 1929 -1932”（Bulletin 49, National Bureau of Economic Research, New York, 1934）.
[8] Wassily Leontief, The Structure of the American Economy, 1919—1939 : An Empirical Application of Equilibrium Analysis, 2nd enl. ed. （Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951）.
[9] J. Meade and R. Stone, National Income and Expenditure, 4th ed. （London: Bowes and Bowes, 1957）.
[10] Fran?ois Perroux,“Prise de vues sur la croissance de l'économie fran?aise, 1780 -1950,” Review of Income and Wealth 5, no. 1（1955）:41 -78.
[11] J. J. Carré, P. Dubois, and E. Malinvaud, La Croissance fran?aise : un essai d'analyse économique causale de l'après-guerre （Paris: Seuil, 1972）.
[12] Jean-Claude Toutain,“Le produit intérieur brut de la France de 1789 à 1982,”?conomies et Societé, Cahiers de l'ISMEA, Série Histoire quantitative de l'économie fran?aise, 1987,15.
[13] M. Lévy-Leboyer and F. Bourguignon, L'économie fran?aise au XIX: siècle: Analyse macro-économique （Paris: Economica, 1985）.
[14] 历史计量学是用计量经济学方法研究经济史问题的学科。
[15] Roger Fouquet and Stephen Broadberry,“Seven Centuries of European Economic Growth and Decline,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 29, no. 4（2015）:227 -244.
[16] J. M. Keynes,“Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” in Essays in Persuasion （New York: Norton, 1930; London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010）.
[17] 还有荷兰:在1570年之前，该国南部地区（如今的比利时）成为经济活动与繁荣的中心；不过在1590年后，北部地区（如今的阿姆斯特丹）占据了领先地位。
[18] 关于知识产权的议题，主要可参考Douglass C. North and Barry R. Weingast,“Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England,” Journal of Economic History 49, no. 4（1989）:803 -832.
[19] Fouquet and Broadberry,“Seven Centuries of European Economic Growth and Decline.”
[20] T. R. Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population （London: J. Johnson,1798; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970）.
[21] See, for example, K. M. Murphy, A. Shleifer, and R. W. Vishny,“Industrialization and the Big Push,” Journal of Political Economy 97, no. 5（1989）:1003 -1026.
[22] Michael Kremer,“Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B. C. to 1990,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108, no. 3（1993）:681 -716. Oded Galor and David N. Weil,“Population, Technology, and Growth:From Malthusian Stagnation to the Demographic Transition and Beyond,”American Economic Review 90, no. 4（2000）:806 -828.
[23] 这一“市场规模”效应是创新驱动增长模型（包括熊彼特模型）的内在特征。读者可以从如下文献中看到部门数据和企业数据所证实的这一规模效应: Daron Acemoglu and Joshua Linn,“Market Size in Innovation: Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 119, no. 3（2004）:1049 -1090; and Philippe Aghion, Antonin Bergeaud,Matthieu Lequien, and Marc J. Melitz,“The Heterogeneous Impact of Market Size on Innovation: Evidence from French Firm-Level Exports” （NBER Working Paper No. 24600, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA,May 2018, rev. October 2019）.
[24] See Charles I. Jones and Paul M. Romer,“The New Kaldor Facts: Ideas,Institutions, Population, and Human Capital,” American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, no. 1（2010）:224 -245;以及本书第10章。
[25] 背后的理念是，技术进步会导致教育回报增加。
[26] Richard R. Nelson and Edmund S. Phelps,“Investment in Humans, Technological Diffusion and Economic Growth,” American Economic Review 56, no. 1 -2（1966）:69 -75.
[27] Nelson and Phelps,“Investment in Humans.”
[28] Joel Mokyr and Hans-Joachim Voth,“Understanding Growth in Europe, 1700 -1870: Theory and Evidence,” in The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe : vol. 1: 1700—1870, ed. Stephen Broadberry and Kevin H. O'Rourke（Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009）.
[29] 本节是对莫克尔的分析的拓展，参见Joel Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy （Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002）.对他这部著作的更多介绍，参见Hal R. Varian,“Review of Mokyr's Gifts of Athena,” Journal of Economic Literature 42, no. 3（2004）:805 -810.
[30] 引自David Encaoua,“Interactions science-technologie: quelles politiques publi ques,” Revue Fran?aise d'?conomie 25, no. 4（2011）:75 -119.
[31] Diego Puga and Daniel Trefler,“International Trade and Institutional Change:Medieval Venice's Response to Globalization,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 2（2014）:753 -821. R. R. John, Spreading the News : The American Postal Systemrom Franklin to Morse （Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995）.
[32] 例如，Alembert负责数学部分，Daubenton负责自然史部分，Bordeu与Tronchin负责医药部分。在该《百科全书》收入的72 000条主题中，我们能看到某些技术的内容，例如玻璃制造（44页）、磨粉工艺（25页）等。
[33] Puga and Trefler,“International Trade and Institutional Change.”
[34] D. C. North and B. R. Weingast,“Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England,” Journal of Economic History 49, no. 4（1989）:803 -832.
[35] Georges Renard, Guilds in the Middle Ages （London: J. B. Bell and Sons,1918）.
[36] Varian,“Review of Mokyr's Gifts of Athena.”
[37] 作为专利问题的学术文献的切入点，我们推荐读者参阅如下作者的成果:Pierre Azoulay, Bronwyn Hall, Adam Jaffe, Jacques Mairesse, Mark Schankerman,and Reinhilde Veugelers.
[38] Raghuram Rajan and Luigi Zingales, Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists（New York: Crown Business, 2003）.
[39] 我们要补充一点，惠特尼这项发明带来的一个间接影响，是加速了美国南部各州对奴隶劳动的使用。
