饭饭TXT > 学习管理 > 《自我的本质(出版书)》作者:[英]布鲁斯·胡德/译者:钱静【完结】 > 自我的本质.txt

第1章 奇妙的器官:我是大脑创造出的我

作者:英-布鲁斯·胡德/译者:钱静 当前章节:6586 字 更新时间:2026-6-22 12:27

1 . F. A. C. Azevedo, L. R. B. Carvalho, L. T. Grinberg, J. M. Farfel, E. E. L. Ferretti, R. E. P. Leite, W. Jacob Filho, R. Lent and S. Herculano-Houzel, ‘Equal numbers of neuronal and non-neuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain’, Journal of Comparative Neurology , 513 (2009), 532–41.这是一篇关于大脑神经结构的文献。文中对脑细胞数量做了一个测算,大脑中有850亿个非神经元细胞和860亿个神经元细胞。

2 . C. E. Shannon, ‘A mathematical theory of communication’, Bell System Technical Journal , 27 (1948), 379–423 and 623–56.

3 . 二进制是在17世纪由德国数学家、哲学家莱布尼茨发明的。二进制对于电子系统尤其理想,因为它只涉及两种状态:开和关。

4 . E. Ruppin, E. L. Schwartz and Y. Yeshurun, ‘Examining the volume-efficiency of the cortical architecture in a multi-processor network model’, Biological Cybernetics , 70:1 (1993), 89–94.

5 . M. Abeles, Corticonics: Neural Circuits of the Cerebral Cortex (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

6 . M. A. Arib, The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002).

7 . 我们宇宙中所有原子的数量大约有1081 个,感谢丹尼尔·沃尔珀特给我提供这个神奇的数字进行比对。

8 . W. Penfield, The Mystery of the Mind (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975).

9 . P. MacLean, The Triune Brain in Evolution: Role of Paleocerebral Functions (New York, NY: Plenum, 1990).

10 . Azevedo et al. (2009).

11 . J. Atkinson, The Developing Visual Brain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

12 . B. M. Hood, ‘Shifts of visual attention in the human infant: A neuroscientific approach’, in L. Lipsitt and C. Rovee-Collier (eds), Advances in Infancy Research , vol. 9 (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1995), 163–216.

13 . A. Diamond, ‘Neuropsychological insights into the meaning of object concept development’, in S. Carey and R. Gelman (eds.), The Epigenesis of Mind: Essays on Biology and Cognition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991), 433–72.

14 . F. Bertossa, M. Besa, R. Ferrari and F. Ferri, ‘Point zero: A phenomenological inquiry into the seat of consciousness’, Perceptual and Motor Skills , 107 (2008), 323–35.

15 . P. Rakic, ‘Intrinsic and extrinsic determinants of neo-cortical parcellation: A radial unit model’, in M. H. Johnson, Y. Munakata and R. Gilmore (eds), Brain Development and Cognition: A Reader (2nd ed., Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), 57–82.

16 . Y. Brackbill, ‘The role of the cortex in orienting: Orienting reflex in an anencephalic human infant’, Developmental Psychology , 5 (1971), 195–201.

17 . A. J. DeCasper and M. J. Spence, ‘Prenatal maternal speech influences newborns’ perception of speech sounds’, Infant Behavior and Development , 9 (1986), 133–150; J. A. Mennella, C. P. Jagnow and G. K. Beauchamp, ‘Prenatal and postnatal flavor learning by human infants’, Pediatrics 107:6 (2001), E88; P. G. Hepper, ‘An examination of fetal learning before and after birth’, Irish Journal of Psychology , 12:2 (1991), 95–107.

18 . M. H. Johnson, Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011).

19 . J. L. Conel, The Postnatal Development of the Human Cerebral Cortex , Vols I–VIII (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939–67).

20 . W. T. Greenough and J. E. Black, ‘Induction of brain structures by experience: Substrates for cognitive development’, in M. Gunnar and C. Nelson (eds), Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology: Vol. 24. Developmental Behavioral Neuroscience (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum (1992)), 155–200.

21 . P. R. Huttenlocher, C. de Courten, L. G. Garey and H. Van der Loos, ‘Synaptogenesis in human visual cortex. Evidence for synapse elimination during normal development’, Neuroscience Letters , 33 (1982), 247–52.

22 . J. Zihl, D. von Cramon and N. Mai, ‘Selective disturbance of movement vision after bilateral brain damage’, Brain , 106 (1983), 313–40.

23 . D. H. Hubel, Eye, Brain and Vision , Scientific American Library Series (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1995).

24 . J. Atkinson, The Developing Visual Brain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

25 . W. T. Greenough, J. E. Black and C. S. Wallace, ‘Experience and brain development’, Child Development , 58:3 (1987), 539–59.

26 . Konrad Lorenz, King Solomon's Ring , trans. Marjorie Kerr Wilson (London: Methuen, 1961).

27 . S. Pinker, The Language Instinct (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994).

28 . J. S. Johnson and E. L. Newport, ‘Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language’, Cognitive Psychology, 21 (1989), 60–99.

29 . J. Werker, ‘Becoming a native listener’, American Scientist , 77 (1989), 54–69.

30 . 莫扎特效应最初是唐·坎贝尔(Don Campbel)在他1997年出版的书《莫扎特效应》(The Mozart Effect )中提出并广为流传的,其核心观点是听古典音乐可以提高智商。作为这个理论的支持者,美国佐治亚州的州长泽尔·米勒(Zell Miller)宣布,把他管辖的州的财政预算每年拨出105 000美元,用来给每一位在佐治亚州出生的孩子送一张古典音乐的磁带或CD。为了说服他的幕僚,他一边给他们在录音机上播放贝多芬的《欢乐颂》一边问他们:“是不是已经感觉到自己变得聪明啦?”

31 . J. T. Bruer, The Myth of the First Three Years: A New Understanding of Early Brain Development and Lifelong Learning (New York, NY: Free Press, 1999).

32 . F. J. Zimmerman, D. A. Christakis and A. N. Meltzoff, ‘Associations between media viewing and language development in children under age two years’, Journal of Pediatrics , 51 (2007), 364–8.

33 . Azevedo et al. (2009)

34 . S. Herculano-Houzel, B. Mota and R. Lent, ‘Cellular scaling rules for rodentbrains’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 103 (2006), 12138–43.

35 . R. I. M. Dunbar, ‘The social brain hypothesis’, Evolutionary Anthropology , 6 (1998), 178

36 . R. Sapolsky, ‘The uniqueness of humans .’(TED talk, 2009).

37 . R. I. M. Dunbar and S. Shultz, ‘Evolution in the social brain’, Science , 317 (2007), 1344–7.

38 . S. R. Ott and S. M. Rogers, ‘Gregarious desert locusts have substantially larger brains with altered proportions compared with the solitarious phase ’, Proceedings of the Royal Society, B, 277 (2010), 3087–96.

39 . 源于与邓巴教授的私人交流。

40 . A. Whiten and R. W. Byrne, Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and theEvolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes and Humans . (Oxford: OUP, 1988).

41 . M. Gladwell, The Tipping Point. How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (London: Little, Brown and Co, 2000).

42 . T. Nagel, ‘What is it like to be a bat?’, Philosophical Review , 83 (1974), 433–50.

43 . 这则轶事在儿童学习与发展研究专家高普尼克(A. Gopnik)的文中提到过。The Philosophical Baby: What Children's Minds Tell us About Truth, Love, and the Meaning of Life (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 2009).

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