3.Cheng Zhang and Jianpeng Ma, “Enhanced Sampling and Applications in Protein Folding in Explicit Solvent,” Journal of Chemical Physics 132, no. 24 (2010):244101.也可参见http:// folding. stanford. edu/ English/ About about the Folding@home project,这个网站至今已使用来自世界各地超过500万台电脑模拟蛋白质的折叠。
4.关于这个观点,更为全面的描述请参见雷·库兹韦尔所著的《奇点临近》(纽约:维京出版社,2005)第6章中“关于宇宙中的智能命运:为什么我们可能是宇宙中唯一的部分【该影响……】”。
5.James D. Watson, Discovering the Brain (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1992).
6.Sebastian Seung, Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are (New York: Houghton Miffl in Harcourt, 2012).
7.“Mandelbrot Zoom,” http:// www. youtube. com/ watch v= gEw8xpb1aRA; “Fractal Zoom Mandelbrot Corner,” http:// www. youtube. com/ watch v= G_GBwuYuOOs.