···1.·Cynthia Thomas Calvert, “Caregivers in the Workplace: Family Responsibilities Discrimination Litigation U禁止歧视怀孕法te 2016,” Center for WorkLife Law, University of California, Hastings College of the Law, San Francisco, May 2016, http:// worklifelaw.org/publications/Caregivers-in-the-Workplace-FRD-u禁止歧视怀孕法te-2016.pdf, 4.
···2.·Vickie Elmer, “Workplace Pregnancy Discrimination Cases on the Rise,” Washington Post, April 8, 2012, https://www.washingtonpost.com /business/capitalbusiness/workplace-pregnancy-discrimination -cases-on-the-rise/2012/04/06/gIQALWId4S_story.html·utm _term=.497c611809f3.
···3.·Scott Coltrane, “The Risky Business of Paternity Leave,” The Atlantic, December 29, 2013, https://www .theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/12/the-risky-business-of-paternity-leave/282688/.
···4.·“ParentalLeaveSurvey,”Deloitte,June15,2016.
···5.·Jennifer L. Berdahl and Sue H. Moon, “Workplace Mistreatment of Middle Class Workers Based on Sex, Parenthood, and Caregiving,” Journal of Social Issues 69, no. 2 (2013): 341–66.
···6.·Shelley J. Correll, Stephen Benard, and In Paik, “Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty·” American Journal of Sociology 112, no. 5 (March 2007): 1297-339, http://gender.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/motherhoodpenalty.pdf.
···7.·Claire Cain Miller, “The Motherhood Penalty vs. the Fatherhood Bonus,” New York Times, September 6, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/07/upshot/a-child-helps -your-career-if-youre-a-man.html.
···8.·Michelle J. Budig and Paula England, “The Wage Penalty for Motherhood,” American Sociological Review 66, no. 2 (2001): 204.
···9.·“ACLU Files Discrimination Charges against Frontier Airlines on Behalf of Breast-Feeding Pilots,” ACLU, New York, May 10, 2016, https:// www.aclu.org/news/aclu-files-discrimination-charges-against-frontier-airlines-behalf-breast-feeding-pilots.
10.·Rachel Cusk, A Life’s Work: On Becoming a Mother (London: Picador, 2003), 5.
11.·Tara Haelle, “Your Biggest C-Section Risk May Be Your Hospital,” Consumer Reports, May 16, 2017.
12.·“Paid Leave,” National Partnership for Women & Families, Washington, D.C., http:// www.nationalpartnership.org/issues/work-family/paid-leave.html.
13.·Mariko Oi, “How Much Do Women around the World Pay to Give Birth·” BBC News, February 13, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31052665.
14.·“Québec Parental Insurance Plan,” Gouvernement du Québec, http://www4.gouv.qc.ca/EN/Portail /Citoyens/Evenements/DevenirParent/Pages/regm_quebc_assur _parnt.aspx.
15.·Nancy Rasmussen, “Working in Denmark: Taking Parental Leave,” The Local, May 6, 2015, https://www.thelocal .dk/20150506/working-in-denmark-maternity-and-parental-leave.
16.·Dwyer Gunn, “How Should Parental Leave Be Structured· Ask Iceland,” Slate, April 3, 2013, http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2013/04/03/paternity_leave_in _iceland_helps_mom_succeed_at_work_and_dad_succeed_at.html.
17.·Pamela Druckerman, “The Perpetual Panic of American Parenthood,” New York Times, October 13, 2016, https://www.nytimes .com/2016/10/14/opinion/the-perpetual-panic-of-american-parenthood.html.
18.·Drew Desilver, “Access to Paid Family Leave Varies Widely across Employers, Industries,” Pew Research Center, Washington, D.C., March 23, 2017, http:// www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/23/access-to-paid-family -leave-varies-widely-across-employers-industries/.
19.·“OECD Family Database,” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm.
20.·无可否认地，美国部分州正努力赶上如蒙特娄或哥本哈哥那般理想的育儿政策。二○○二年，加州开始给予部分资格吻合的工作者有薪家庭假，作为该州的伤残保险计划一部分。在每次发薪时，多数工作者会有低于一％的薪水被留作有薪家庭假之用，就跟社会安全（Social Security）机制一样。缴纳（加州）州立伤残保险（State Disability Insurance，在薪资明细表上显示项目为「SDI」）的工作者，必须慢慢累积出六周的津贴；津贴的金额从每周五十美元到一千一百七十三美元不等。接着，这些员工就可以在因为新生儿出生、需要经济援助的情况下，领取部分金额。然而，SDI的补助仅有六周，且金额为原有薪水的五五％，与瑞典那超级有用的有薪假依旧有差距。目前，纽约的罗得岛和纽泽西也施行了类似的计划，而家庭假也正在社会的压力下，朝全国性计划转型。 Rhode Island, New York, and New Jersey have adopted a similar program, and there is pressure to make family leave a federal program.
21.·Goffman uses the term “covering” to describe the behaviors or strategies an individual uses to manage stigmas. Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Touchstone, 1986).
22.·Deborah L. Brake and Joanna L. Grossman, “Unprotected Sex: The Pregnancy Discrimination Act at 35,” Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy 21 (2013): 67.
23.·Joan C. Williams, “The Glass Ceiling and the Maternal Wall in Academia,” New Directions for Higher Education 130 (2005): 91.
